Cogprints

Cerebellar control of robot arms

van der Smagt, Patrick (1998) Cerebellar control of robot arms. [Journal (Paginated)]

Full text available as:

[img] Postscript
196Kb
[img] PDF
226Kb

Abstract

Decades of research into the structure and function of the cerebellum have led to a clear understanding of many of its cells, as well as how learning takes place. Furthermore, there are many theories on what signals the cerebellum operates on, and how it works in concert with other parts of the nervous system. Nevertheless, the application of computational cerebellar models to the control of robot dynamics remains in its infant state. To date, a few applications have been realized, yet limited to the control of traditional robot structures which, strictly speaking, do not require adaptive control for the tasks that are performed since their dynamic structures are relatively simple. The currently emerging family of light-weight robots poses a new challenge to robot control: due to their complex dynamics traditional methods, depending on a full analysis of the dynamics of the system, are no longer applicable since the joints influence each other dynamics during movement. Can artificial cerebellar models compete here? In this overview paper we present a succinct introduction of the cerebellum, and discuss where it could be applied to tackle problems in robotics. Without conclusively answering the above question, an overview of several applications of cerebellar models to robot control is given.

Item Type:Journal (Paginated)
Keywords: cerebellum, robot dynamics, robot arm control, computational cerebellar models, neural networks
Subjects:Neuroscience > Computational Neuroscience
ID Code:1322
Deposited By: van der Smagt, Patrick
Deposited On:26 Feb 2001
Last Modified:11 Mar 2011 08:54

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Aguilar \BBA{} Contreras-Vidal}{Aguilar \BBA{}

Contreras-Vidal}{1994}]{AguCon:94}

Aguilar, J.~M.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Contreras-Vidal, J.~L.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}{NAVITE}: A neural network system for sensory-based robot

navigation.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In \Bem{Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks}\

(\BVOL~II, \BPGS\ 177--182).

\newblock{}Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Aiba \BOthers{}}{Aiba \BOthers{}}{1994}]{Aib94}

Aiba, A., Kano, M., Chen, C., Stanton, M., Fox, G., Herrup, K., Zwingman,

T.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Tonegawa, S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Deficient cerebellar long-term depression and impaired motor

learning in {mGluR1} mutant mice.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Cell}, \Bem{79}, 377--388.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Albus}{Albus}{1971}]{Alb71}

Albus, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1971\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A theory of cerebellar function.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Mathematical Bioscience}, \Bem{10}, 25--61.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Albus}{Albus}{1975}]{Alb75}

Albus, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1975\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A new approach to manipulator control: The cerebellar model

articulation controller ({CMAC}).\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control,

Transactions of the {ASME}, series G}, \Bem{97}, 270--277.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Artola \BBA{} Singer}{Artola \BBA{}

Singer}{1993}]{ArtSin93}

Artola, A.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Singer, W.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission and

its relationship to long-term potentiation.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Trends in Neuroscience}, \Bem{16}, 480--487.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Atkeson \BBA{} Hollerbach}{Atkeson \BBA{}

Hollerbach}{1985}]{AtkHol85}

Atkeson, C.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Hollerbach, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1985\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Kinematic features of unrestrained vertical arm

movements.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neuroscience}, \Bem{5}, 2318--2330.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Barto, Buckingham\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk}{Barto

\BOthers{}}{1995}]{BarBucHou95}

Barto, A.~G., Buckingham, J.~T.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk, J.~C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1995\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A predictive switching model of cerebellar movement

control.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In D.~S. Touretzky, M.~C. Mozer\BCBL{} \BBA{} M.~E. Hasselmo\

(\BEDS), \Bem{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 8}\ (\BPGS\

138--144).

\newblock{}Boston, MA: MIT Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bell}{Bell}{1811}]{Bell1811}

Bell, C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1811\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain; Submitted for the

Observations of His Friends.}

\newblock{}London: Strahan and Preston.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Berthier, Singh, Barto\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk}{Berthier

\BOthers{}}{1993}]{BerSinBarHou93}

Berthier, N.~E., Singh, S.~P., Barto, A.~G.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk, J.~C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Distributed representation of limb motor programs in arrays

of adjustable pattern generators.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience}, \Bem{5}, 56--78.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bliss \BBA{} Collingridge}{Bliss \BBA{}

Collingridge}{1993}]{BliCol93}

Bliss, T. V.~P.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Collingridge, G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the

hippocampus.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Nature}, \Bem{361}, 31--39.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Braake, Can\BCBL{} \BBA{} Verbruggen}{Braake

\BOthers{}}{1998}]{BraCanVer97}

Braake, H. A.~B. te, Can, E. J.~L. van\BCBL{} \BBA{} Verbruggen, H.~B.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1998\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Training of neural networks by a variable projection

method.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Networks}.

\newblock{}(In print.)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Braitenberg}{Braitenberg}{1961}]{Bra61}

Braitenberg, V.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1961\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Functional interpretation of cerebellar histology.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Nature}, \Bem{190}, 539--540.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Braitenberg \BBA{} Atwood}{Braitenberg \BBA{}

Atwood}{1958}]{BraAtw58}

Braitenberg, V.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Atwood, R.~P.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1958\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Morphological observations on the cerebellar cortex.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Comparative Neurology}, \Bem{109}, 1--34.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bullock}{Bullock}{1997}]{CCCCBul97}

Bullock, D.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Cerebellar learning for context sensitive and critically timed

coordination of multiple action channels.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 11--12, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bullock \BBA{} Grossberg}{Bullock \BBA{}

Grossberg}{1988\protect\BCnt{1}}]{BulGro88}

Bullock, D.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Grossberg, S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1988\protect\BCnt{1}\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural dynamics of planned arm movements: Emergent invariants

and speed-accuracy properties during trajectory formation.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Psychological Review}, \Bem{95}, 49--90.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bullock \BBA{} Grossberg}{Bullock \BBA{}

Grossberg}{1988\protect\BCnt{2}}]{BulGro88b}

Bullock, D.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Grossberg, S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1988\protect\BCnt{2}\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neuromuscular realization of planned trajectories.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Networks}, \Bem{1}(Suppl.~1), 329.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bullock \BBA{} Grossberg}{Bullock \BBA{}

Grossberg}{1989}]{BulGro89}

Bullock, D.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Grossberg, S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1989\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}{VITE} and {FLETE}: Neural modules for trajectory formation

and tension control.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In W.~Hershberger\ (\BED), \Bem{Volitional Action}\ (\BPGS\

253--297).

\newblock{}Amsterdam: North-Holland.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Bullock, Grossberg\BCBL{} \BBA{} Mannes}{Bullock

\BOthers{}}{1993}]{BulGroMan:93}

Bullock, D., Grossberg, S.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Mannes, C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A neural network model for cursive script production.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Biological Cybernetics}, \Bem{70}, 15--28.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Buonomano \BBA{} Mauk}{Buonomano \BBA{}

Mauk}{1994}]{BuoMau94}

Buonomano, D.~V.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Mauk, M.~D.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural network model of the cerebellum: Temporal

discrimination and the timing of motor responses.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Computation}, \Bem{6}, 38--55.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Chou \BBA{} Hannaford}{Chou \BBA{}

Hannaford}{1996}]{ChoHan96}

Chou, C.-P.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Hannaford, B.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Measurement and modeling of {McKibben} pneumatic artificial

muscles.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation}, \Bem{12}(1),

90--102.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Contreras-Vidal, Grossberg\BCBL{} \BBA{}

Bullock}{Contreras-Vidal \BOthers{}}{1997}]{ConGroBul97}

Contreras-Vidal, J., Grossberg, S.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Bullock, D.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A neural model of cerebellar learning for arm movement

control: Cortico-spino-cerebellar dynamics.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Learning and Memory}, \Bem{3}, 475--502.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Contreras-Vidal \BBA{} Lopez-Coronado}{Contreras-Vidal

\BBA{} Lopez-Coronado}{1997}]{CCCCConLop97}

Contreras-Vidal, J.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Lopez-Coronado, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Adaptive Cerebellar Control of Opponent Muscles.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 13--16, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{{De Schutter}}{{De Schutter}}{1996}]{DeS96}

{De Schutter}, E.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}One cannot build theories of cerebellar function on shaky

foundations: Induction properties of long-term depression have to be taken

into account.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, \Bem{19}, 440--441.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{{De Schutter}}{{De Schutter}}{1997}]{DeS97}

{De Schutter}, E.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A new functional role for cerebellar long term

depression.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Progress in Brain Research}, \Bem{114}, 529--542.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{DeMers \BBA{} Kreutz-Delgado}{DeMers \BBA{}

Kreutz-Delgado}{1997}]{DeMKre97}

DeMers, D.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Kreutz-Delgado, K.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Inverse kinematics of dextrous manipulators.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In O.~Omidvar \BBA{} P.~van~der Smagt\ (\BEDS), \Bem{Neural Systems

for Robotics}\ (\BPGS\ 75--116).

\newblock{}Boston, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Eccles, Ito\BCBL{} \BBA{} Szentagothai}{Eccles

\BOthers{}}{1967}]{EccItoSze67}

Eccles, J.~C., Ito, M.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Szentagothai, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1967\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine.}

\newblock{}Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Fagg, Zelevinsky, Barto\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk}{Fagg

\BOthers{}}{1997}]{CCCCFagZelBarHou97}

Fagg, A., Zelevinsky, L., Barto, A.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Houk, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Using Crude Corrective Movements to Learn Accurate Motor

Programs for Reaching.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 20--24, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Fagg, Sitkoff, Houk\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto}{Fagg

\BOthers{}}{1997}]{FagSitHouBar97}

Fagg, A.~H., Sitkoff, N., Houk, J.~C.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto, A.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Cerebellar learning for control of a two-link arm in muscle

space.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In \Bem{Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Robotics and

Automation}\ (\BPGS\ 2638--2644).

\newblock{}

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Flourens}{Flourens}{1824}]{Flou1824}

Flourens, P.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1824\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Recherches exp{\'e}rimentales sur les propri{\'e}t{\'e}s et les

fonctions du syst{\`e}me nerveux, dans les animaux vert{\'e}bres.}

\newblock{}Paris: Cervot.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Franklin}{Franklin}{1774}]{Fra1774}

Franklin, B.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1774\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Experiments and Observations on Electricity.}

\newblock{}London.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Gaudiano \BBA{} Grossberg}{Gaudiano \BBA{}

Grossberg}{1991}]{GauGro91}

Gaudiano, P.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Grossberg, S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1991\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Vector associative maps: Unsupervised real-time error-based

learning and control of movement trajectories.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Networks}, \Bem{4}(2), 147--183.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Gaudiano, Guenther\BCBL{} \BBA{} Zalama}{Gaudiano

\BOthers{}}{1997}]{GauGueZal97}

Gaudiano, P., Guenther, F.~H.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Zalama, E.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}The neural dynamics approach to sensory-motor control.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In O.~Omidvar \BBA{} P.~van~der Smagt\ (\BEDS), \Bem{Neural Systems

for Robotics}\ (\BPGS\ 153--194).

\newblock{}Boston, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Glickstein}{Glickstein}{1994}]{Gli94}

Glickstein, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Cerebellar agenesis.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Brain}, \Bem{117}, 1209--1212.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Hirzinger}{Hirzinger}{1996}]{Hir96}

Hirzinger, G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Towards a new robot generation for space, terrestrial, and

medical applications.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In \Bem{Proc.~Second ECPD Int.~Conference on Advanced Robotics,

Intelligent Automation, and Active Systems.}

\newblock{}

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Hofsten}{Hofsten}{1979}]{Hof79}

Hofsten, C. von.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1979\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Development of visually directed reaching: The approach

phase.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Human Movement Studies}, \Bem{5}, 160--168.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Hogan}{Hogan}{1984}]{Hog84}

Hogan, N.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1984\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}An organizing principle for a class of voluntary

movements.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neuroscience}, \Bem{4}(11), 2745--2754.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Hore \BBA{} Flament}{Hore \BBA{}

Flament}{1988}]{HorFla88}

Hore, J.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Flament, D.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1988\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Changes in motor cortex neural discharge associated with the

development of cerebellar limb ataxia.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neurophysiology}, \Bem{60}, 1285--1302.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Houk}{Houk}{1989}]{Hou89}

Houk, J.~C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1989\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Cooperative control of limb movements by the motor cortex,

brainstem, and cerebellum.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In R.~M.~J. Cotterill\ (\BED), \Bem{Models of Brain Function}\

(\BPGS\ 309--325).

\newblock{}Cambridge University Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Houk, Buckingham\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto}{Houk

\BOthers{}}{1996}]{HouBucBar96}

Houk, J.~C., Buckingham, J.~T.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto, A.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Models of the cerebellum and motor learning.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, \Bem{19}(3), 368--383.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Houk, Singh, Fisher\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto}{Houk

\BOthers{}}{1990}]{HouSinFisBar90}

Houk, J.~C., Singh, S.~P., Fisher, C.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Barto, A.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1990\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}An adaptive sensorimotor network simulation inspired by the

anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In W.~Miller, R.~Sutton\BCBL{} \BBA{} P.~Werbos\ (\BEDS),

\Bem{Neural Networks for Control}\ (\BPGS\ 301--348).

\newblock{}MIT Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Ito}{Ito}{1984}]{Ito84}

Ito, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1984\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{The Cerebellum and Neural Control.}

\newblock{}New York: Raven Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Ito, Sakurai\BCBL{} \BBA{} Tongroach}{Ito

\BOthers{}}{1982}]{ItoSakTon82}

Ito, M., Sakurai, M.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Tongroach, P.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1982\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Climbing fiber induced depression of both mossy fiber

responsiveness and glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar {P}urkinje

cells.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Physiology}, \Bem{324}, 113--134.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Jabri, Coenen, Huang\BCBL{} \BBA{} Sejnowski}{Jabri

\BOthers{}}{1997}]{CCCCJabCoeHuaSej97}

Jabri, M., Coenen, O., Huang, J.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Sejnowski, T.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Sensorimotor integration and control.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 33--38, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Kano}{Kano}{1996}]{Kan96}

Kano, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Long-lasting potentiation of {GABA}ergic inhibitory synaptic

transmission in cerebellar {P}urkinje cells: Its properties and possible

mechanisms.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, \Bem{19}, 354--361.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Katayama \BBA{} Kawato}{Katayama \BBA{}

Kawato}{1991}]{KatKaw91}

Katayama, M.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Kawato, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1991\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Learning trajectory and force control of an artificial muscle

arm by parallel-hierarchical neural network model.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In R.~Lippmann, J.~Moody\BCBL{} \BBA{} D.~Touretzky\ (\BEDS),

\Bem{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}\ (\BVOL~3, \BPGS\

436--442).

\newblock{}San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Kawato}{Kawato}{1997}]{CCCCKaw97}

Kawato, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Multiple Internal Models in the Cerebellum.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 17--19, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Kawato \BBA{} Gomi}{Kawato \BBA{} Gomi}{1992}]{KawGom92}

Kawato, M.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Gomi, H.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1992\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}The cerebellum and {VOR/OKR} learning models.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Trends in Neurosciences}, \Bem{15}, 445--453.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Kraft}{Kraft}{1997}]{CCCCKra97}

Kraft, G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Optimized Weight Smoothing for {CMAC} Neural Networks.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 8--10, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Lang}{Lang}{1997}]{Lan97}

Lang, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{A Real-Time Implementation of a Neural-Network Controller for

Industrial Robotics.}

\newblock{}\BUPhD, Institute of Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Li \BBA{} {\"O\u{g}men}}{Li \BBA{}

{\"O\u{g}men}}{1994}]{LiOgm:94}

Li, L.\BCBT{} \BBA{} {\"O\u{g}men}, H.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Visually guided motor control: Adaptive sensorimotor mapping

with on-line visual error correction.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In \Bem{Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks}\

(\BVOL~2, \BPGS\ 127--134).

\newblock{}Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Lisberger}{Lisberger}{1994}]{Lis94}

Lisberger, S.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex

of primates. {III}. {C}omputational and behavioral analysis of the sites of

learning.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neurophysiology}, \Bem{72}, 974--998.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Lisberger, Pavelko, Bronte-Stewart\BCBL{} \BBA{}

Stone}{Lisberger \BOthers{}}{1994}]{LisPavBroSto94}

Lisberger, S.~G., Pavelko, T.~A., Bronte-Stewart, H.~M.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Stone,

L.~S.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex

of primates. {II}. {C}hanges in the responses of horizontal gaze velocity

purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus and ventral paraflocculus.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neurophysiology}, \Bem{72}, 954--973.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Lisberger, Pavelko\BCBL{} \BBA{} Broussard}{Lisberger

\BOthers{}}{1994}]{LisPavBro94}

Lisberger, S.~G., Pavelko, T.~A.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Broussard, D.~M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex

of primates. {I}. {C}hanges in the responses of brain stem neurons.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Neurophysiology}, \Bem{72}, 928--953.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Marr}{Marr}{1969}]{Marr69}

Marr, D.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1969\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A theory of cerebellar cortex.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Physiology}, \Bem{202}, 437--470.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Miall, Weir, Wolpert\BCBL{} \BBA{} Stein}{Miall

\BOthers{}}{1993}]{MiaWeiWolSte93}

Miall, R.~C., Weir, D.~J., Wolpert, D.~M.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Stein, J.~F.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Is the cerebellum a {S}mith predictor?\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Journal of Motor Behavior}, \Bem{25}, 203--216.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Michie \BBA{} Chambers}{Michie \BBA{}

Chambers}{1968}]{MicCha68}

Michie, D.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Chambers, R.~A.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1968\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}{BOXES}: An experiment in adaptive control.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In E.~Dale \BBA{} D.~Michie\ (\BEDS), \Bem{Machine Intelligence}\

(\BVOL~2, \BPGS\ 137--152).

\newblock{}Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Miller, Glanz\BCBL{} \BBA{} Kraft}{Miller

\BOthers{}}{1990}]{MilGlaKra90}

Miller, W.~T., Glanz, F.~H.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Kraft, L.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1990\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}{CMAC}: An associative neural network alternative to

backpropagation.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Neural Networks},

\Bem{78}, 1561--1567.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{{Miller~III}}{{Miller~III}}{1989}]{Mil89}

{Miller~III}, W.~T.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1989\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Real-time application of neural networks for sensor-based

control of robots with vision.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},

\Bem{19}(4), 825--831.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{{Miller~III} \BBA{} Kun}{{Miller~III} \BBA{}

Kun}{1997}]{MilKun97}

{Miller~III}, W.~T.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Kun, A.~L.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Neural systems for robotics.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In O.~Omidvar \BBA{} P.~van~der Smagt\ (\BEDS), \Bem{Dynamic Balance

of a Biped Walking Robot.}

\newblock{}Boston, MA: Academic Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Nelson}{Nelson}{1997}]{CCCCNel97}

Nelson, M.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Adaptive Motor Control Without a Cerebellum.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 25--27, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Omidvar \BBA{} Smagt}{Omidvar \BBA{}

Smagt}{1997}]{SmaOmi97}

Omidvar, O.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Smagt, P. van~der\ (\BEDS).

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Systems for Robotics.}

\newblock{}Boston, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Paulin}{Paulin}{1989}]{Pau89}

Paulin, M.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1989\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}A {K}alman filter theory of the cerebellum.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In M.~A. Arbib \BBA{} S.~Amari\ (\BEDS), \Bem{Dynamic Interactions

in Neural Networks}\ (\BPGS\ 241--259).

\newblock{}Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Paulin}{Paulin}{1993}]{Pau93}

Paulin, M.~G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1993\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}The role of the cerebellum in motor control and

perception.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Brain, Behavior, and Evolution}, \Bem{31}, 39--50.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Schweighofer}{Schweighofer}{1995}]{Sch95}

Schweighofer, N.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1995\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Computational models of the cerebellum in the adaptive control

of movements.}

\newblock{}\BUPhD, University of Southern California.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Simpson, Wylie\BCBL{} \BBA{} {De Zeeuw}}{Simpson

\BOthers{}}{1996}]{SimWylZee96}

Simpson, J.~I., Wylie, D.~R.\BCBL{} \BBA{} {De Zeeuw}, C.~I.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}On climbing fiber signals and their consequence(s).\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, \Bem{19}, 384--398.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt}{Smagt}{1994}]{Sma94a}

Smagt, P. van~der.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Minimisation methods for training feed-forward

networks.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Neural Networks}, \Bem{7}(1), 1--11.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt}{Smagt}{1995}]{Sma95}

Smagt, P. van~der.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1995\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Visual Robot Arm Guidance using Neural Networks.}

\newblock{}\BUPhD, Dept of Computer Systems, University of Amsterdam.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt \BBA{} Bullock}{Smagt \BBA{}

Bullock}{1997}]{CCCCSmaBul97}

Smagt, P. van~der\BCBT{} \BBA{} Bullock, D.\ (\BEDS).

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Can Artificial Cerebellar Models Compete to Control Robots?}\

(\BTR{}\ \BNUM\ 515-97-28).

\newblock{}Oberpfaffenhofen.

\newblock{}(NIPS*97 Workshop. Downloadable from

\texttt{http://www.robotic.dlr.de/Smagt/papers/})

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt, Groen\BCBL{} \BBA{} Groenewoud}{Smagt

\BOthers{}}{1994}]{SmaGroGro94b}

Smagt, P. van~der, Groen, F.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Groenewoud, F. van~het.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1994\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}The locally linear nested network for robot

manipulation.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In \Bem{Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural

Networks}\ (\BPGS\ 2787--2792).

\newblock{}

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt, Groen\BCBL{} \BBA{} Schulten}{Smagt

\BOthers{}}{1996}]{SmaGroSch96}

Smagt, P. van~der, Groen, F.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Schulten, K.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1996\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Analysis and control of a rubbertuator arm.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Biological Cybernetics}, \Bem{75}(5), 433--440.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Smagt \BBA{} Hirzinger}{Smagt \BBA{}

Hirzinger}{1998}]{SmaHir98a}

Smagt, P. van~der\BCBT{} \BBA{} Hirzinger, G.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1998\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}Solving the ill-conditioning in neural network

learning.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}In J.~Orr, K.~M{\"u}ller\BCBL{} \BBA{} R.~Caruana\ (\BEDS),

\Bem{Tricks of the Trade: How to Make Neural Networks Really Work.}

\newblock{}Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Verlag.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Spoelstra, Arbib\BCBL{} \BBA{} Schweighofer}{Spoelstra

\BOthers{}}{1997}]{CCCCSpoArbSch97}

Spoelstra, J., Arbib, M.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Schweighofer, N.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\Bem{Cerebellar control of a simulated biomimetic manipulator for

fast movements.}

\newblock{}(In van der Smagt \& Bullock, pp.\ 28--32, NIPS*97)

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Thach, Goodkin\BCBL{} \BBA{} Keating}{Thach

\BOthers{}}{1992}]{ThaGooKea92}

Thach, W., Goodkin, H.\BCBL{} \BBA{} Keating, J.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1992\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of

movement.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{Annual Review of Neuroscience}, \Bem{15}, 403--442.

\bibitem[\protect\BCAY{Wang \BBA{} Principe}{Wang \BBA{}

Principe}{1997}]{WanPri97}

Wang, C.\BCBT{} \BBA{} Principe, J.~C.

\newblock{}\BBOP{}1997\BBCP{}.

\newblock{}\BBOQ{}On-line stochastic functional smoothing optimization for

neural network training.\BBCQ{}

\newblock{}\Bem{IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}.

\newblock{}(Submitted)

Metadata

Repository Staff Only: item control page