Cogprints

The Completeness of Physics

Spurrett, David (1999) The Completeness of Physics. [Thesis]

Full text available as:

[img]
Preview
 PDF
3784Kb

Abstract

The present work is focussed on the completeness of physics, or what is here called the Completeness Thesis: the claim that the domain of the physical is causally closed. Two major questions are tackled: How best is the Completeness Thesis to be formulated? What can be said in defence of the Completeness Thesis? My principal conclusions are that the Completeness Thesis can be coherently formulated, and that the evidence in favour if it significantly outweighs that against it. In opposition to those who argue that formulation is impossible because no account of what is to count as physical can be provided, I argue that as long as the purpose of the argument in which the account is to be used are borne in mind there are no significant difficulties. The account of the physical which I develop holds as physical whatever is needed to fix the likelihood of pre-theoretically given physical effects, and hypothesises in addition that no chemical, biological or psychological factors will be needed in this way. The thus formulated Completeness Thesis is coherent, and has significant empirical content. In opposition to those who defend the doctrine of emergentism by means of philosophical arguments I contend that those arguments are flawed, setting up misleading dichotomies between needlessly attenuated alternatives and assuming the truth of what is to be proved. Against those who defend emergentism by appeal to the evidence, I argue that the history of science since the nineteenth century shows clearly that the empirical credentials of the view that the world is causally closed at the level of a small number of purely physical forces and types of energy is stronger than ever, and the credentials of emergentism correspondingly weaker. In opposition to those who argue that difficulties with reductionism point to the implausibility of the Completeness Thesis I argue that completeness in no way entails the kinds of reductionism which give rise to the difficulties in question. I argue further that the truth of the Completeness Thesis is in fact compatible with a great deal of taxonomic disorder and the impossibility of any general reduction of non-fundamental descriptions to fundamental ones. In opposition to those who argue that the epistemological credentials of fundamental physical laws are poor, and that those laws should in fact be seen as false, I contend that truth preserving accounts of fundamental laws can be developed. Developing such an account, I test it by considering cases of the composition of forces and causes, where what takes place is different to what is predicted by reference to any single law, and argue that viewing laws as tendencies allows their truth to be preserved, and sense to be made of both the experimental discovery of laws, and the fact that composition enables accurate prediction in at least some cases.

Item Type:Thesis
Keywords:Physicalism; Reductionism; Causality; Functionalism
Subjects:Philosophy > Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy > Philosophy of Science
ID Code:3379
Deposited By: Spurrett, Professor David
Deposited On:13 Jan 2004
Last Modified:11 Mar 2011 08:55

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

Albert, D. Z. 1992. Quantum Mechanics and Experience, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press

Alexander, S. 1920. Space, Time, and Deity. 2 Vols, London: Macmillan.

Anderson, P. W. 1972. ‘More is Different: Broken symmetry and the hierarchical structure of nature’, Science 177, number 4047, pp. 393-396.

Anscombe, G. E. M. and Geach, P. T. 1973. Three Philosophers: Aristotle, Aquinas, Frege, Oxford: Blackwell.

Aristotle. 1936. Minor Works, (translated by W. S. Hett.), London, Heinemann.

Armstrong, D. 1978. Universals and Scientific Realism, Vol. II. A Theory of Universals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Armstrong, D. 1980. The Nature of Mind, St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.

Auyang, S. 1998. Foundations of Complex-System Theories in Economics, Evolutionary Biology and Statistical Physics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bain, A. 1870. Logic, London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.

Barrow, J. D. 1992. Pi in the Sky: Counting, Thinking and Being, London: Penguin.

Bechtel, W. and Abrahamsen, A. (1991) Connectionism and the Mind, Oxford: Blackwell.

Bechtel, W. and Richardson, R. C. 1992. ‘Emergent Phenomena and Complex Systems’, in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 257-288.

Beck, W. S. 1961. Modern Science and the Nature of Life, London: Penguin.

Beckermann, A. 1992a. ‘Introduction – Reductive and Nonreductive Physicalism’ in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 1-21.

Beckermann, A. 1992b. ‘Supervenience, Emergence, and Reduction’ in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? (1992) Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 94-118.

Beckermann, A., Flohr, H. and Kim, J. (eds.) 1992. Emergence or Reduction: Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism, New York: de Gruyter.

Bedau, M. A. 1997. ‘Weak Emergence’, Philosophical Perspectives, 11, Mind, Causation, and World, Oxford: Blackwell, pp375-399.

Bell, J. S. 1964. ‘On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox’, Physics, 1, pp. 195-200.

Bernal, J. D. 1939. The Social Function of Science, London: George Routledge & Sons.

Bhaskar, R. 1978. A Realist Theory of Science, (Second Edition) Sussex: The Harvester Press.

Bhaskar, R. 1989a. The Possibility of Naturalism, (Second Edition) London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Bhaskar, R. 1989b. Reclaiming Reality, London: Verso.

Bhaskar, R. 1991. Philosophy and the Idea of Freedom, Oxford: Blackwell.

Blackburn, S. 1993. Essays in Quasi–Realism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Block, N. 1980. ‘Troubles with Functionalism’, in Block, N. (ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology, Volume 1, London: Methuen, pp. 268-305.

Bohm, D. 1952. ‘A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in terms of “Hidden” Variables’ (Parts I and II), in J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, (eds.) (1983) Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 369-396.

Bohm, D. 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Bohm, D. and Hiley. B. J. 1993. The Undivided Universe, London: Routledge.

Boyd, R. 1980. ‘Materialism without Reductionism: What Physicalism Does not Entail’, in Block, N. (ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology, Volume 1, London: Methuen, pp. 67-106.

Broad, C. D. 1925. The Mind and Its Place in Nature, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Broad, C. D. 1927. Sir Isaac Newton: Annual Lecture on a Master Mind, London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.

Broad, C. D. 1934. Inaugural Lecture: Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brooke, J. H. 1991. Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Campbell, D. T. 1974. ‘‘Downward Causation’ in Hierarchically Organized Biological Systems’, in: Ayala, F. J. and Dobzhansky, T. (eds.) Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 179-186.

Cartwright, N. 1980. ‘Do the Laws of Physics State the Facts?’, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61, pp. 75-84.

Cartwright, N. 1983. How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Cartwright, N. 1989. Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Cartwright, N. 1993. ‘Is Natural Science “Natural” Enough? A Reply to Phillip Allport’, Synthese 94, pp. 291-301.

Cartwright, N. 1994. ‘Fundamentalism vs. the Patchwork of Laws’, Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society, XCIV (1994), pp. 279-292.

Cartwright, N. 1995a. ‘Précis of Nature’s Capacities and Their Measurement’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, pp. 153-156.

Cartwright, N. 1995b. ‘Reply to Eells, Humphreys and Morrison’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, pp. 177-187.

Causey, R. L. 1987. Unity of Science, Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Chalmers, A. 1987. ‘Bhaskar, Cartwright and Realism in Physics’, Methodology and Science, 20, pp. 77-96.

Chalmers, A. 1993. ‘So the Laws of Physics Needn’t Lie’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71, pp. 196-205.

Chalmers, A. 1996. ‘Cartwright on Fundamental Laws: A Response to Clarke’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 74, pp. 150-152.

Chomsky, N. 1968. Language and Mind, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Chomsky, N. 1972. Language and Mind,(enlarged edition) New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Chomsky, N. 1980. Rules and Representation, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Churchland, P. M. 1981. ‘Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes’, Journal of Philosophy, 78, pp. 67-90.

Churchland, P. M. 1985. ‘Reduction, Qualia, and the Direct Introspection of Brain States’, Journal of Philosophy, 82, pp. 8-28.

Churchland, P. S. 1986. Neurophilosophy, Cambridge Mass.: Bradford/MIT Press.

Cilliers, P. 1998. Complexity and Postmodernism, London: Routledge.

Clarke, S. 1995. ‘The Lies Remain the Same: A Reply to Chalmers’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 73, pp. 152-155.

Coleman, W. 1977. Biology in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collier, A. 1999. Being and Worth, London: Routledge.

Craig, E. 1987. The Mind of God and the Works of Man, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crane, T. 1991. ‘Why indeed? Papineau on supervenience’, Analysis, 51, pp. 32-37.

Crane, T. and Mellor, H. 1990. ‘There is no Question of Physicalism’, Mind, 99, pp. 185-206.

Creary, L. G. 1981. ‘Causal Explanation and the Reality of Natural Component Forces’, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 62, 148-157.

Cummins, R. 1989. Meaning and Mental Representation, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Daly, C. 1995. ‘Does physicalism need fixing?’, Analysis, 55, pp. 135-41.

Daly, C. 1998. ‘What are Physical Properties?’, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 79, pp. 196–217.

Davidson, D. 1970. ‘Mental Events’, in L. Foster and J. Swanson (eds.) Experience and Theory, Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 291-303, reprinted in Moser and Trout (1995) pp. 107-121.

Davies, D. 1996. ‘Explanatory disunities and the unity of science’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 10, number 1, pp. 5-21.

Dear, P. (ed.) 1997. The Scientific Enterprise in Early Modern Europe: Readings from Isis, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dear, P. 1995. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Descartes, R. 1985. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 2 vols., (translated and edited by J. G. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Descartes, R. 1989. The Passions of the Soul, (translated by S. H. Voss.), Indianapolis: Hackett.

Descartes, R. 1991. Principles of Philosophy, (translated and edited by V. R. Miller and R. P. Miller), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Descartes, R. 1991. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, volume 3, (translated and edited by J. G. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch, and A. Kenny), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Descartes, R. 1998. The World and Other Writings, (translated and edited by Gaukroger, S.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dretske, F. 1995. Naturalizing the Mind, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.

Driesch, H. 1908. The Science and Philosophy of the Organism: The Gifford Lectures Delivered Before the University of Aberdeen in the Year 1907 (2 Vols.), London: Adam and Charles Black.

Dugas, R. 1954. A History of Mechanics, Neuchâtel: Éditions du Griffon. (Reprinted 1988, New York: Dover.)

Duhem, P.-M.-M. 1954. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, (translated by P.P. Wiener), New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Duhem, P.-M.-M. 1980. The Evolution of Mechanics, (translated by M. Cole and edited by G.AE. Oravas), Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff.

Dupré, J. 1983. ‘The Disunity of Science’, Mind vol. XCII, 321-346.

Dupré, J. 1993. The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.

Dupré, J. 1996a. ‘Promiscuous Realism: Reply to Wilson’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, pp. 441-444.

Dupré, J. 1996b. ‘The Solution to the Problem of the Freedom of the Will’. In J. E. Tomberlin (ed.) Philosophical Perspectives, 10, Metaphysics, Oxford: Blackwell, 385-402.

Dupré, J. and Cartwright, N. 1998. ‘Probability and Causality: Why Hume and Indeterminism Don’t Mix’, Noûs 22, pp 690-698.

Durkheim, E. 1964. The Rules of Sociological Method, (translated by George Catlin), New York: Free Press.

Earman, J. 1986. A Primer on Determinism, Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Eccles, J. 1980. The Human Psyche: The Gifford Lectures, University of Edinburgh 1978-1979, New York: Springer.

Edwards, R. D. 1987. Victor Gollancz: A Biography, London: Victor Gollancz.

Eells, E. 1995. ‘Cartwright on Probabilistic Causality: Types, Tokens, and Capacities’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, pp. 169-175.

Einstein, A. 1905. ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ in Einstein, A., Lorenz, H. A., Weyl, H. and Minkowski, H. The Principle of Relativity, (1923) translated by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery, New York: Dover, pp. 37-71.

Einstein, A., Lorenz, H. A., Weyl, H. and Minkowski, H. 1923. The Principle of Relativity, translated by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery, New York: Dover

Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N. 1935. ‘Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?’, in J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek (eds.) (1983) Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 138-141.

Elsasser, W. M. 1958. The Physical Foundation of Biology: An Analytical Study, London: Pergamon.

Ereshefsky, M. 1995. Critical Notice of Dupré (1993), Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 25, number 1, pp. 143-158.

Evnine, S. 1991. Donald Davidson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Faraday, M. 1861. A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle, London: Chatto and Windus.

Faraday, M. 1952. Experimental Researches in Electricity, in Great Books of the Western World volume 45, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Feigl, H. 1953. ‘Unity of Science and Unitary Science’ in H. Feigl and M. Brodbeck (eds.) Readings in the Philosophy of Science, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., pp. 382-384.

Feigl, H. 1958. ‘The “Mental” and the “Physical”’, in Feigl, H. et al (1958) 370-497.

Feigl, H. 1967. The “Mental” and the “Physical”: The Essay and a Postscript, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Feigl, H., Scriven, M. and Maxwell, G. (eds.) 1958. Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume II, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Feynman, R. 1965. The Character of Physical Law, London: British Broadcasting Corporation. [Also published in 1967 by MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.]

Fiegl, H. and Scriven, M. (eds.) 1956. The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychology and Psychoanalysis: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume I, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Fleetwood, S. (ed.) 1998. Critical Realism in Economics, London: Routledge.

Fodor, J. 1974. ‘Special Sciences, or the Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis’, Synthese 28, 97-115. Reprinted in Moser, P. K. and Trout, J. D. (1995) 51-64.

Fodor, J. 1990. A Theory of Content and Other Essays, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Forrest, S. (ed.) 1991. Emergent Computation, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Forrest, S. 1991. ‘Emergent Computation: Self-organizing, Collective and Cooperative Phenomena in Natural and Artificial Computing Networks - Introduction to the Proceedings of the Ninth Annual CNLS Conference’, in Forrest (1991) 1-11.

Galileo, G. 1914. Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, (translated by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio), New York: Macmillan

Garber, D. 1992. Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gardner, M. 1970. ‘Mathematical Games’, Scientific American, 223 No. 4, pp120-123.

Ghirardi, G. C., Rimini, A. and Weber, T. 1986. ‘Unified Dynamics for Microscopic and Macroscopic Systems’, Physical Review, D34, pp. 470-491.

Gibbins, P. 1984. ‘Nancy Cartwright’s New Philosophy of Physics’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 35, 4, pp. 390-401.

Glennan, S. S. 1997. ‘Capacities, Universality, and Singularity’, Philosophy of Science 64, pp. 605-626.

Gross, P. R. and Levitt, N. 1997. Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels With Science, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Guhl, A. M. 1956. ‘The Social Order of Chickens’, Scientific American, 194: 42-46.

Hacking, I. 1975. The Emergence of Probability, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hahn, R. 1967. Laplace as a Newtonian Scientist: A Paper delivered at a seminar on the Newtonian Influence held at the Clark Library 8 April, 1967, Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library.

Hale, B. 1993. ‘Physicalism and Mathematics’, in Robinson (1993), pp. 39-59.

Hall, A. R. 1962. The Scientific Revolution 1500-1800: The Formation of the Modern Scientific Attitude, Boston: Beacon.

Hall, A. R. 1981, [1963]. From Galileo to Newton, Dover: New York.

Hall, M. B. 1994. The Scientific Renaissance 1450-1630, Dover: New York.

Harman. P. M. 1982. Energy, Force, and Matter: The Conceptual Development of Nineteenth-Century Physics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harré, R. and Madden, E. H. 1973. Causal Powers, Oxford: Blackwell.

Heidegger, M. 1993. Basic Writings, (revised and expanded edition, edited by Krell, D.), London: Routledge.

Hellman, G. P., and Thompson, F. W. 1975. ‘Physicalism: Ontology, Determination, and Reduction’, Journal of Philosophy, 72, pp. 551-64.

Hofstadter, D. R. (1982) Artificial Intelligence: subcognition as computation, Technical Report 132, Bloomington: Indiana University.

Holland, J. H. 1998. Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horgan, T. 1993. ‘From Supervenience to Superdupervenience: Meeting the Demands of a Material World’, Mind, Vol.102, 408, pp. 555-586.

Hume, D. 1975. Enquiries concerning Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals, (third edition, revisions and notes by P. H. Nidditch), Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hume, D. 1978. A Treatise of Human Nature, (second edition, revisions and notes by P. H. Nidditch), Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Humphries, P. 1995. ‘Abstract and Concrete’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, pp. 157-161.

Humphries, P. 1997. ‘How Properties Emerge’, Philosophy of Science, 64, pp. 1-17.

James, W. 1907. Pragmatism: A New Name For Some Old Ways of Thinking, New York: Longmans, Green & Co.

Jolley, N. (ed.) 1995. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Joseph, G. 1985. Review of Cartwright (1983), Philosophical Review, XCIV, 4, pp. 580-583.

Kant, I. 1929. Critique of Pure Reason, (translated by Norman Kemp Smith), London: MacMillan.

Kant, I. 1985. Philosophy of Material Nature, (translated by Ellington, J. W.), Indianapolis: Hackett.

Kant, I. 1987. Critique of Judgement, (translated by Werner Pluhar), Indianapolis: Hackett.

Kapp, R. O. 1940. Science versus Materialism, London: Methuen and Co.

Kapp, R. O. 1951. Mind Life and Body, London: Methuen and Co.

Karl, F. R. and Davies, L. 1983-. The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad (8 volumes), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kellert, S. 1993. In the Wake of Chaos, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kemeny, J. C. and Oppenheim, P. 1956. ‘On Reduction’, Philosophical Studies, 7, pp. 6-19.

Kim, J. 1989. ‘The Myth of Nonreductive Physicalism’, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 63, pp. 31-47.

Kim, J. 1992. ‘“Downward Causation” in Emergentism and Nonreductive Physicalism’, in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 119-138.

Kim, J. 1993. Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kim, J. 1998. Mind in a Physical World, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.

Kincaid, H. 1990. ‘Molecular Biology and the Unity of Science’, Philosophy of Science, 58, pp. 575-593.

Klee, R. 1984. ‘Micro-Determinism and Concepts of Emergence’, Philosophy of Science 51, 44-63.

Konner, M. 1982. The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit, London: Penguin.

Koyré, A. 1978. Galileo Studies, (translated from the French by Mepham, J.), Sussex: Harvester Press.

Koza, J. R. 1992. ‘The Genetic Programming Paradigm: Genetically Breeding Populations of Computer Programs to Solve Problems’, in Soucek, B. et al. 1992. Dynamic, Genetic, and Chaotic Programming: The Sixth Generation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 203-321.

Kripke, S. 1972. ‘Naming and Necessity’, in Gilbert Harman and Donald Davidson (eds.) Semantics of Natural Language, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, pp. 253–355.

Kripke, S. 1980 [1972]. Naming and Necessity, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Kuhn, T. S. 1957. The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (2nd edition), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kuhn, T. S. 1977. The Essential Tension, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Langton, C. G. 1991. ‘Computation at the Edge of Chaos: Phase Transitions and Emergent Computation’, in Forrest (1991) 12-37.

Laplace, P. S. 1951. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, New York: Dover.

Lavoisier, A. L. 1952. Elements of Chemistry, (translated by Robert Kerr), in Great Books of the Western World volume 45, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Leibniz, G. W. 1989. Philosophical Essays, (translated by Ariew, R. and Garber, D.), Indianapolis: Hackett.

Levy, S. 1993. Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation, London: Penguin.

Lewes, G. H. 1874, 1875. Problems of Life and Mind. (First series) 2 Vols, London: Trübner, & Co.

Lewes, G. H. 1875. Problems of Life and Mind. (Third series) 2 Vols, London: Trübner, & Co.

Lewes, G. H. 1877. Problems of Life and Mind. (Second series), London: Trübner, & Co.

Lewis, D. K. 1966. ‘An Argument for the Identity Theory’, Journal of Philosophy, 63, pp. 17-25.

Lewis, D. K. 1983. ‘New Work for a Theory of Universals’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61, pp. 343-377.

Lewis, D. K. 1986 [1973]. Counterfactuals, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Lloyd Morgan, C. 1923. Emergent Evolution, (The 1922-3 Gifford Lectures, volume 1), London: Williams and Norgate.

Lloyd Morgan, C. 1926. Life, Mind, and Spirit, (The 1922-3 Gifford Lectures, volume 2), London: Williams and Norgate.

Locke, J. 1975. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (Edited and with a foreword by P.H. Nidditch), Oxford: Clarendon.

Longworth, G. 1999. ‘What Determines the Meaning of Meaning?’, unpublished paper.

Lorenz, E. N. 1963. ‘Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow’, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (20) 1963, 130-141.

Lovejoy, A. O. 1961. The Reason the Understanding and Time, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.

Lowe, E. J. 1993. ‘The Causal Autonomy of the Mental’, Mind, 102, 408, pp. 629-644.

Lucas, J. R. 1961. ‘Mind’s, Machines and Gödel’, Philosophy, 36, pp. 112-27.

Lyotard, J-F. L. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, (translated by Bennington, G and Massumi, B.), Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Lyotard, J-F. L. 1988. The Differend: Phrases in Dispute, (translated by Georges Van Den Abbeele), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Mandelbrot, B. 1977. The Fractal Geometry of Nature, New York: Freeman.

Margolis, J. 1987. Science Without Unity: Reconciling the Human and Social Sciences, Oxford: Blackwell.

Marquis, J-P. 1998. ‘Epistemological Aspects of the Application of Mathematics to Itself’, in Anapolitanos, D., Baltas, A. and Tsinorema, S. (editors) Philosophy and the Many Faces of Science, New York: Rowan and Littlefield, pp. 183-194.

Marquis, J-P. 1999. ‘Mathematical engineering and mathematical change’, , International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 13, No.3, pp. 245-259.

Marx, K. 1972. Capital 3, London: Lawrence & Wishart.

Maskill, H. 1985. The Physical Basis of Organic Chemistry, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McGuiness, B. F. (editor) 1985. Moritz Schlick, Dordrecht: Reidel.

McLaughlin, B. 1992. ‘The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism’, in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 49-93.

McLaughlin, B. 1995. ‘Varieties of Supervenience’, in E, Savellos and Umit D. Yalcin (eds.) Supervenience: New Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meehl, P. and Sellars, W. 1956. ‘The Concept of Emergence’. In Fiegl, H. and Scriven, M. (eds.) Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume 1: The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychology and Psychoanalysis., pp. 239-252.

Messiah, A. 1961. Quantum Mechanics, Amsterdam: North Holland.

Mill, J. S. 1843. System of Logic, London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. [8th edn. 1872.]

Mill, J. S. 1972. A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Deductive, Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, (2 vols.) J. M. Robson (ed.), Volumes VII and VIII of The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, (XXI volumes.) J. M. Robson (General editor), Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Mill, J. S. 1989. Autobiography, London: Penguin.

Morrison, M. 1995. ‘Capacities, Tendencies and the Problem of Singular Causes’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, pp. 163-168.

Moser, P. K. and Trout, J. D. (eds.) 1995. Contemporary Materialism: A Reader, London: Routledge.

Mott, F. K. 1948. The Universal Design of Birth: An Analysis of the Configurational Involvement of Birth and Its Relation to Emergence Generally, Philadelphia: David McKay & Co.

Moyal, G. J. D. (ed.) 1991. René Descartes: Critical Assessments, (4 Volumes), London: Routledge.

Nagel, E. 1961. The Structure of Science, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

Nagel, E. 1963. ‘Wholes, Sums, and Organic Unities’, in: Lerner, D. (ed.), Parts and Wholes, New York: The Free Press.

Newman, D. V. 1996. ‘Emergence and Strange Attractors’, Philosophy of Science, 63, pp. 245-261.

Newton, I. 1696. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, London: S. Pepys.

Newton, I. 1934. Principia, (2 Volumes), translated by Andrew Motte, revised by Florian Cajori, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Newton, I. 1951. Optics, New York: Dover.

Nicolson, M. H. 1960. The Breaking of the Circle, (revised edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Norris, C. 1997. Against Relativism: Philosophy of Science, Deconstruction and Critical Theory, Oxford: Blackwell.

O’Brien, F. 1964. The Dalkey Archive, London: Picador.

Oppenheim, P. and Putnam, H. 1958. ‘Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis’, in Feigl, H. et al (1958) 3-36.

Pais, A. 1991. Neils Bohr’s Times, in Physics, Philosophy, and Polity, Oxford: Clarendon.

Papineau, D. 1990. ‘Why Supervenience?’, Analysis, 50, pp. 66-70.

Papineau, D. 1993. Philosophical Naturalism, Oxford: Blackwell.

Peper, S. 1926. ‘Emergence’, Journal of Philosophy, 23, pp. 241-245.

Peters, S. L. 1995. Emergent Materialism: A Proposed Solution to the Mind/Body Problem, New York: University Press of America.

Poland, J. 1994. Physicalism: The Philosophical Foundations, Oxford: Clarendon.

Popper, K. R. and Eccles, J. C. 1977. The Self and its Brain, Berlin/Heidelberg/London/New York: Springer.

Putnam, H. 1975. Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Volume 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Putnam, H. 1978. Meaning and the Moral Sciences, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Putnam, H. 1983. Realism and Reason: Philosophical Papers, Volume 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Putnam, H. 1988. Representation and Reality, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Quine, W. V. O. 1960. Word and Object, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Quine, W. V. O. 1979. ‘Facts of the Matter’, Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 9, pp. 155-69.

Reynolds, C. 1987. ‘Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model’, Computer Graphics, 21, p25.

Robinson, H. (ed.) 1993. Objections to Physicalism, Oxford: Clarendon.

Rorty, R. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rorty, R. 1980. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Oxford: Blackwell.

Rueger, A. and Sharp, W. D. 1996. ‘Simple Theories of a Messy World: Truth and Explanatory Power in Nonlinear Dynamics’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, pp. 93-112.

Russell, B. 1903. The Principles of Mathematics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ryan, A. 1970. The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, London: Macmillan.

Savellos, E. E. and Yalçin, Ü. D. (eds.) 1995. Supervenience: New Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schlick, M. 1953. ‘Philosophy of Organic Life’, in H. Feigl and M. Brodbeck (eds.) Readings in the Philosophy of Science, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., pp. 523-536.

Schröder, J. 1998. ‘Emergence: Non-Deducibility or Downwards Causation?’, The Philosophical Quarterly, 48, pp. 433-452.

Schwabe, W. W. 1979. Control of Plant Development, Monograph 3, British Plant Growth Regulator Group.

Schwabe, W. W. and Clewer, A. G. 1984. ‘Phyllotaxis – A Simple Computer Model Based on the Theory of a Polarly-Translocated Inhibitor’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 109, pp. 595-619.

Scott, A. 1999. Nonlinear Science: Emergence and Dynamics of Coherent Structures, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sears, F. W., Young, H. D., and Zemansky, M. W. 1987. University Physics (seventh edition), New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Serra, R. and Zanarini, G. 1990. Complex Systems and Cognitive Processes, Berlin: Spinger-Verlag.

Shamos, M. H. (editor) 1987 [1959]. Great Experiments in Physics: Firsthand Accounts from Galileo to Einstein, New York: Dover.

Silberstein, M. and McGeever, J. 1999. ‘The Search for Ontological Emergence’, Philosophical Quarterly, 49, 195, 00. 182-200.

Singer, C. 1959. A History of Biology, (revised edition), London: Abelard-Schuman.

Smart, J. J. C. 1989. Our Place in the Universe: A Metaphysical Discussion, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Smart, J.J.C. 1978. ‘The Content of Physicalism’, Philosophical Quarterly, 28, pp. 339–341.

Smith, A. D. 1993. ‘Non-reductive physicalism’, in Robinson (1993), pp. 225- 250.

Snowdon, P. 1989. ‘On Formulating Materialism and Dualism’, in Heil, J. (ed.) Cause, Mind and Reality: Essays in Honour of C.B.Martin (Dordrecht: Kluwer Press) pp. 137–158.

Sokal, A. and Bricmont, J. 1998. Intellectual Impostures, London: Profile Books.

Soucek, B. and the IRIS Group. 1992. Dynamic, Genetic, and Chaotic Programming: The Sixth Generation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [BL there should be an accent (like this: š)above the ‘c’ - can’t get it on this font, sort out for final version, and check references in Chapter 3.]

Sperry, R. W. 1966. ‘Brain bisection and mechanisms of consciousness’, In J. C. Eccles, ed., Brain and Conscious Experience, New York: Springer, pp. 298-313.

Sperry, R. W. 1976. ‘Changing concepts of consciousness and free will’, Perspect. Biol. Med. 20: 9-19.

Sperry, R. W. 1978. ‘Mentalist monism: consciousness as a causal emergent of brain processes’, Behav, Brain Sci. 3: 367.

Sperry, R. W. 1983. Science and Moral Priority, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Sperry, R. W. 1986. ‘Discussion: Macro- Versus Micro-Determinism’, Philosophy of Science 53, 265-270.

Spurrett, D. 1993. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Freedom of the Will, and the Defensibility of the Doctrine of the Compatibility of Freedom and Determinism, MA Thesis in Philosophy at the University of Natal, Durban.

Spurrett, D. 1997. ‘Beyond Determinism’, South African Journal of Philosophy, Volume 16 number 1, 14-22.

Spurrett, D. 1999a. ‘Lyotard and the Postmodern Misunderstanding of Physics’, Theoria, 93, Science and Civilisation, pp. 29-52.

Spurrett, D. 1999b. Review Article of Cilliers, P. (1998) in South African Journal of Philosophy, Volume 18, number 2, pp. 258-274.

Spurrett, D. 1999c. ‘Fundamental Laws and the Completeness of Physics’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 13, No.3, pp. 261-274.

Spurrett, D. and Papineau, D. 1999. ‘A Note on the Completeness of ‘Physics’’, Analysis, 59, 1, pp. 25-29.

Stephan, A. 1992. ‘Emergence – A Systematic View on its Historical Facets’, in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 25-48.

Stroud, B. 1987. ‘The Physical World’, Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society, LXXVII (1986/7), 263-277.

Swammerdam, J. 1758. Book of Nature (translated by T. Flloyd). London.

Swoyer, C. 1996. ‘Theories of Properties: From Plenitude to Paucity’, Philosophical Perspectives, 10, pp. 243-264.

Taylor, C. 1985. Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Teller, P. 1986. ‘Relational Holism and Quantum Mechanics’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 37, pp. 81-81.

Teller, P. 1992. ‘A Contemporary Look at Emergence’, in A. Beckermann, H. Flohr, and J. Kim (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 139-153.

Thomson, J. J. 1977. Acts and Other Events, Ithaca: Cornell.

Tye, M. 1995. Ten Problems of Consciousness: A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.

Van der Waerden, B. L. (ed.) 1968. Sources of Quantum Mechanics, New York: Dover.

Van Fraassen, B. 1980. The Scientific Image, Oxford: Clarendon.

Von Neumann, J. 1966. Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, edited and completed by A.W. Burks, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Wagner, S. J. 1993. ‘Truth, Physicalism, and Ultimate Theory’, in Robinson (1993), pp. 127-158.

Walker, R. 1993. ‘Transcendental Arguments against Physicalism’, in Robinson (1993), pp. 61-80.

Westfall, R. 1977. The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Westfall, R. 1980. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wheeler, J. A. and Zurek, W. H. (eds.) 1983. Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Whitehead, A. N. 1978. Process and Reality: An Essay on Cosmology (Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927-28), corrected edition, edited by D. R. Griffin and D. W. Sherburne, New York: Free Press.

Wigner, E. P. 1961. ‘Remarks on the mind-body question’. In The Scientist Speculates, I. J. Good, (ed.) pp. 284-302. New York: Basic Books. (Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek, 1983.)

Wilson, R. A. 1996. ‘Promiscuous Realism’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, pp. 303-316.

Wittgenstein, L. 1958. Philosophical Investigations, (translated by G E M Anscombe), Oxford: Blackwell.

Wolfram, S. 1983. ‘Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata’. Rev. Mod. Phys. (55) 601-644.

Wolfram, S. 1984. ‘Universality and complexity in cellular automata’. Physica D. (10) 1-35.

Metadata

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Cogprints is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. More information and software credits.