"1042","Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases","The empathy literature is characterized by debate regarding the nature of the phenomenon. We propose a unified theory of empathy, divided into ultimate and proximate levels, grounded in the emotional link between individuals. On an ultimate level, emotional linkage supports group alarm, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators; these exist across species and greatly effect reproductive success. Proximately, emotional linkage arises from a direct mapping of another's behavioral state onto a subject's behavioral representations, which activate responses in the subject. This ultimate and proximate account parsimoniously explains different phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels of empathy.","http://cogprints.org/1042/","Preston, Stephanie D. and de Waal, Frans B. M.","UNSPECIFIED","       <span class=\"person_name\">Preston, Stephanie D.</span> and <span class=\"person_name\">de Waal, Frans B. M.</span>     (2000)  <a href=\"http://cogprints.org/1042/\"><em>Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases.</em></a>           (Unpublished)   ","","2000"