?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Connections+between+studies+of+the+neurobiology+of+attention%2C+psychotic+processes+and+event-related+potentials&rft.creator=Oades%2C+Robert+D.&rft.subject=Neurophysiology&rft.subject=Neuropsychiatry&rft.subject=Perceptual+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.description=Attention%3A+the+selective+aspect+of+perception%2C+requires+wakefulness+(organism)%2C+activation+(behavior)+and+inhibition+(neuronal+systems).+It+may+be+observed+momentarily+(concentration)%2C+over+time+(vigilance)+and+in+the+selection+between+channels+(e.g.+the+rejection+of+irrelevance+in+focussed+and+divided+conditions).+%0A%0AAnatomical+Organisation%3A+Information+ascending+through+the+thalamus+not+only+alerts+the+sensory+cortices%2C+but+thalamic+projections+to+association+areas+receive+direct+feedback+allowing+gating+and+preparation+of+sensory+areas+for+further+analysis.+A+frontal+organizational+role+is+subserved+by+descending+pathways+allowing+for+valuation+(orbitofrontal+cortex%2C+amygdala)%2C+association+(hippocampal+complex)+and+response+possibilities+(basal+forebrain).+Interactions+between+the+latter+allow+for+automatic+processes%2C+but+with+the+former+limbic+connections+bring+the+possibility+of+conscious+control.+%0A%0ANeurotransmitters%3A+Additional+involvement+of+brainstem+mechanisms+allows+for+volume-control+(serotonin%2C+5HT)%2C+tuning+(noradrenaline%2C+NA)+and+switching+(dopamine%2C+DA)+mechanisms+in+determining+priority+in+selective+mechanisms.+Failures+of+brainstem+mechanisms+can+impair+the+modulation+of+several+systems+ranging+from+affect+(e.g.+5HT%2C+hostility)+to+the+assessment+of+information+relevance+(DA%2C+perseveration%2C+switching).+Such+non-specific+features+of+psychotic+processes+can+be+incurred+by+unusual+amino-acid+transmission+(e.g.+Glu%2C+Asp%2C+GABA)+from+the+neo-+and+archicortices.+%0A%0APsychopathology%3A+The+locus+of+supra-+or+sub-liminal+damage+may+provide+specificity+to+the+symptom+and+speculatively+the+schizophrenic+syndromes+of+poverty%2C+disorganization+and+reality+distortion.+Useful+%22attentional%22+paradigms+for+the+study+of+the+nature+and+distribution+of+these+processes+include+sustained+attention%2C+the+influence+of+irrelevant+stimuli+(learned+inattention+-%22blocking%22)%2C+the+covert+orienting+of+attention+(cost%2Fbenefits+of+cueing)%2C+dichotic+and+multidiscrimination+(allocation)%2C+prepulse+inhibition+and+masking+(sensory+gating)+and+concept+formation.+%0A%0APsychophysiology%3A+Our+own+work+shows%2C+for+example%2C+that+mismatch+negativity+is+severely+reduced+in+young+patients+with+schizophrenia+with+or+without+reality+distortion+(by+50%25+and+again+by+50%25%2C+respectively).+But+only+the+non-paranoid+patients+show+an+abnormal+loosening+of+selection+processes%2C+reflected+in+reduced+conditioned+blocking+(that+in+turn+reflects+switching+between+relevant+and+irrelevant+stimuli+and+learning+about+both).+This+latter+result+proved+to+be+related+to+changes+of+daily+DA+utilization+(measured+in+24h-urine+samples)+consistent+with+a+DA+role+in+switching.+%0A&rft.publisher=Elsevier&rft.contributor=Karmos%2C+G.&rft.contributor=Molnar%2C+M.&rft.contributor=Csepe%2C+V.&rft.contributor=Czigler%2C+I.&rft.contributor=Desmedt%2C+J.E.&rft.date=1995&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1198%2F2%2Fbook-eng.95.pdf&rft.identifier=++Oades%2C+Robert+D.++(1995)+Connections+between+studies+of+the+neurobiology+of+attention%2C+psychotic+processes+and+event-related+potentials.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1198%2F