"1509","Comparing methods for introducing blind and visually impaired people to unfamiliar urban environments","This paper reports two experiments which compared the effectiveness of different methods for introducing blind and visually impaired people to the spatial layout of urban environments. In Experiment 1, 30 blind and visually impaired adults learned a long and complex route through an area of central Madrid (Spain) either by direct experience or by a combination of direct experience and a tactile map or a combination of direct experience and a verbal description of the area. Performance on measures of practical spatial knowledge and of representational spatial knowledge was significantly better in participants in the tactile map condition. In Experiment 2, participants learned a similar route in an area of Sheffield (Britain) using either just a tactile map of by direct experience. No significant difference was found between the two conditions using the same measures as in Experiment 1.","http://cogprints.org/1509/","Espinosa, Maria Angeles and Ungar, Simon and Ochaita, Esperanza and Blades, Mark and Spencer, Christopher","UNSPECIFIED","       <span class=\"person_name\">Espinosa, Maria Angeles</span> and <span class=\"person_name\">Ungar, Simon</span> and <span class=\"person_name\">Ochaita, Esperanza</span> and <span class=\"person_name\">Blades, Mark</span> and <span class=\"person_name\">Spencer, Christopher</span>     (1998)  <a href=\"http://cogprints.org/1509/\"><em>Comparing methods for introducing blind and visually impaired people to unfamiliar urban environments.</em></a>       [Journal (Paginated)]           ","","1998"