?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Computation+Is+Just+Interpretable+Symbol+Manipulation%3A+Cognition+Isn't&rft.creator=Harnad%2C+Stevan&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.subject=Neural+Nets&rft.subject=Robotics&rft.subject=Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.description=Computation+is+interpretable+symbol+manipulation.+Symbols+are+objects+that+are+manipulated+on+the+basis+of+rules%0Aoperating+only+on+the+symbols'+shapes+%2C+which+are+arbitrary+in+relation+to+what+they+can+be+interpreted+as+meaning.+Even+if+one%0Aaccepts+the+Church%2FTuring+Thesis+that+computation+is+unique%2C+universal+and+very+near+omnipotent%2C+not+everything+is+a+computer%2C%0Abecause+not+everything+can+be+given+a+systematic+interpretation%3B+and+certainly+everything+can't+be+given+every+systematic%0Ainterpretation.+But+even+after+computers+and+computation+have+been+successfully+distinguished+from+other+kinds+of+things%2C+mental%0Astates+will+not+just+be+the+implementations+of+the+right+symbol+systems%2C+because+of+the+symbol+grounding+problem%3A+The%0Ainterpretation+of+a+symbol+system+is+not+intrinsic+to+the+system%3B+it+is+projected+onto+it+by+the+interpreter.+This+is+not+true+of+our%0Athoughts.+We+must+accordingly+be+more+than+just+computers.+My+guess+is+that+the+meanings+of+our+symbols+are+grounded+in+the%0Asubstrate+of+our+robotic+capacity+to+interact+with+that+real+world+of+objects%2C+events+and+states+of+affairs+that+our+symbols+are%0Asystematically+interpretable+as+being+about.+&rft.date=1994&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1592%2F1%2Fharnad94.computation.cognition.html&rft.identifier=++Harnad%2C+Stevan++(1994)+Computation+Is+Just+Interpretable+Symbol+Manipulation%3A+Cognition+Isn't.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1592%2F