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"Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL"^^ .
"This paper presents a simple unsupervised learning algorithm for recognizing synonyms, based on statistical data acquired by querying a Web search engine. The algorithm, called PMI-IR, uses Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) and Information Retrieval (IR) to measure the similarity of pairs of words. PMI-IR is empirically evaluated using 80 synonym test questions from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and 50 synonym test questions from a collection of tests for students of English as a Second Language (ESL). On both tests, the algorithm obtains a score of 74%. PMI-IR is contrasted with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), which achieves a score of 64% on the same 80 TOEFL questions. The paper discusses potential applications of the new unsupervised learning algorithm and some implications of the results for LSA and LSI (Latent Semantic Indexing). \n\n"^^ .
"2001" .
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"Springer-Verlag"^^ .
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"Peter"^^ .
"Turney"^^ .
"Peter Turney"^^ .
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"Luc"^^ .
"De Raedt"^^ .
"Luc De Raedt"^^ .
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"Peter"^^ .
"Flach"^^ .
"Peter Flach"^^ .
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"Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL (Postscript)"^^ .
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"ECML2001.ps"^^ .
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"Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL (Image (PNG))"^^ .
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"preview.png"^^ .
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"Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL (PDF)"^^ .
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"ECML2001.pdf"^^ .
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"Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL (Indexer Terms)"^^ .
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"indexcodes.txt"^^ .
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"HTML Summary of #1796 \n\nMining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL\n\n" .
"text/html" .
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"Language" .
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"Machine Learning" .
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