creators_name: Harpaz, Yehouda type: preprint datestamp: 2001-11-19 lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:54:49 metadata_visibility: show title: Replicability of cognitive imaging of the cerebral cortex By PET and fMRI: A survey of recent literature. subjects: behav-neuro-sci subjects: brain-img subjects: cog-psy subjects: neuro-anat subjects: physio-psy full_text_status: public keywords: brain imaging, fMRI, PET, reliability, replicability, reproducibility, survey, cortex abstract: PET and fMRI are relatively new techniques, which allows imaging of the brain without disturbing it, and they are important tools in clinical treatment and investigation. They are also used for cognitive investigation, by which I mean investigation the working of the healthy brain (Frackowiak et al, 1997). Naturally, the main focus of investigation is the cerebral cortex. In this paper, I survey the recent literature for evidence about the replicability of these studies. The survey covers 125 primary research articles, taken from 21 different journals during the first 10 months of 1997. The main findings are: 1.The data about replicability in cognitive imaging is extremely sparse. 2.The sparse data that does exists is mostly negative, i.e. points to irreplicability. These findings suggest that there is a problem with replicability in cognitive imaging, and an effort is required to resolve it. date: 1998-06 date_type: published refereed: FALSE referencetext: Aguirre, G.K., & D'Esposito, M.(1997). Environmental knowledge is subserved by separable dorsal/ventral neural areas. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2512-2518. ** Allen, G., Buxton, R.B. Wong, E.C., & Courchesne, E.(1997). Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement. Science, 275, 1940-1943. ** Baker, S,C., Frith, C,D., & Dolan, R.J., (1997).The interaction between mood and cognitive function studied with PET. Psychological Medicine, 27, 565-578. ** Bäckman, L., Almkvist, O.,Andersson, J., Nordberg, A., Winblad, B., Reineck, R., & Langström, B. (1997). Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 378-391. ** Bandettini, P.A., Kwong, K.K., Davis, T.L., Tootell, R.B.H., Wong, E.C., Fox, P.T., Belliveau, J.W., Weisskoff, R.M., & Rosen, B.R.(1997). Characterization of cerebral blood oxygenation and flow changes during prolonged brain activation. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 93-109. ** Bavelier, D., Corina, D., Jezzard, P., Padmanabhan, S., Clark, P., Karni, A., Prinster, A., Braun, A., Lalwani, A., Rauschecker, J.P., Turner, R., & Neville, H. (1997) Sentence Reading: A functional MRI study at 4 Tesla. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 664-686. ** Beauchamp, M.S., Cox, R.W., & DeYoe, E.A.(1997). Graded effects of spatial and featural attention on human area MT and associated motion processing areas. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78, 516-520. ** Beauregard, M., Chertkow, H., Bub, D., Murtha, S., Dixon, R., Evans, A.(1997). The neural substrate for concrete, abstract, and emotional word lexicon. A Positron Emission Tomography study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 441-461. ** Berman, K.F., Schmidt, P.J., Rubinow, D.R., Danaceau, M.A., Van Horn, J.D., Esposito, G., Ostrem, J.L., & Weinberger, D.R.(1997). Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: A positron-emission tomography study in women. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 8836-8841. ** Binder, J.R., Frost, J.A., Hammeke, T.A., Cox, R.W., Rao, S.M., & Prieto, T.(1997). Human brain language areas identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 353-362. ** Blok, B.F.M., Willemsen, A.T.M., & Holstege, G., (1997). A PET study on brain control of micturition in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 111-121. ** Bly, B.M., & Kosslyn, S.M.(1997). Functional anatomy of object recognition in humans: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic imaging. Current Opinion in Neurology, 10, 5-9. Bodis-Wollner, I., Bucher, S.F., Seelos, K.C., Paulus, W., Reiser, M., & Oertel W.H. (1997). Functional MRI mapping of occipital and frontal cortical activity during voluntary and imagined saccades. Neurology, 49, 416-420. ** Braun, A.R., Balkin, T.J., Wesensten, N.J., Carson, R.E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Selbie, S., Belenky, G., & Herscovitch, P.(1997). Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H215O study. Brain, 120, 1173 - 1197. ** Braver, T.S., Cohen, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Jonides, J., Smith, E.E., Noll, D.C. (1997). A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. NeuroImage, 5, 49-62. ** Brodal, P. (1992) The Central Nervous System: structure and function. Oxford, UK: OUP. Burton, H., MacLeod, A-M.K., Videen, T.O., & Raichle, M.E.(1997). Multiple foci in parietal and frontal cortex activated by rubbing embossed grating patterns across fingerpads: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 3-17. ** Busatoo, G., Howard, R.J., Ha, Y., Bramner, M., Wright, I.,Woodruff, P.W.R., Simmons, A., Williams, S.C.R., David, A.S., & Bullmore, E.T.(1997). A fMRI study of episodic memory. Neuroreport, 8, 2671-2675. ** Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L.(1997). Imaging cognition: An empirical review of pet studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 1-26. Cabeza, R., Kapur, S., Craik, F.I.M., McIntosh, A.R., Houle, S., &Tulving, E. (1997a). Functional Neuroanatomy of Recall and Recognition: A PET study of episodic memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 254-265. ** Cabeza, R., Grady, C.L., Nyberg, L.,McIntosh, A.R.,Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Jennings, J.M., Houle, S., Craik, F.I.M.(1997b). Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: A Positron Emission Tomography study. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 391-400. ** Calvert, G.A., Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M.J., Campbell, R., Williams, S.C., McGuire, P.K., Woodruff, W., Iversen, S.D., & Dav, A.S.(1997). Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading. Science, 276, 593-596. ** Clark, V.P., Parasuraman, R., Keil, K., Kulansky, R., Fannon, S., Maisong, J.M., Ungerleider, L.G., Haxby, J.V. (1997). Selection attention to face identity and color studied with fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 293-297. ** Coull, J.T., Frith, C.D., Dolan, R.J., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Grasby, P.M.(1997). The neural correlates of the noradrenergic modulation of human attention, arousal and learning. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 589 - 598. ** Courtney, S.M., Ungerleider, L.G., Keil, K., & Haxby, J.V.(1997). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature, 386, 608-612. ** Courtney, S.M., & Ungerleider, L.G.(1997). What fMRI has taught us about human vision. Current Opinion In Neurobiology, 7,554-561. Crammond, D.J.(1997). Motor imaginary: never in your wildest dreams. Trends in neuroscience, 20,54-57. Davis, K.D., Taylor, S.J., Crawley, A.P., Wood, M.L., & Mikulis, D.J.(1997). Functional MRI of pain and attention related activation in the human cingulate cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 3370-3380. ** Decety, J., Grezes, J., Costes, N., Perani, D., Jeannerod, M., Procyk, E., Grassi, F., & Fazio, F. (1997). Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject's strategy. Brain, 120, 1763-1777. ** Deiber, M.P., Wise, S.P., Honda, M., Ctatalan, M.J., Grafman, J., & Hallett, M.(1997). Frontal and Parietal networks for conditional motor learning: a PET study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78, 977-991. ** DeMeyer, W. (1988) Neuroanatomy. Harwell Publishers. Demonet, J.F., Fiez, J.A., Paulesu, E., Petersen, S.E., & Zatore. R.J.(1996). REPLY. Brain and Language, 55, 352-379. Dhankher, A., Wexler, B.E., fulbright, R.K., Halwes, T., Blamire, A.M., & Shulman, R.G.(1997). fMRI assessment of the human brain auditory cortex response to increasing word presentation rate. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 476-483. ** Dolan, R.J., & Fletcher, P.C.(1997). Dissociating prefrontal and hippocampal function in episodic memory encoding. Nature, 388,582-587. ** Dolan, R.J., Fink, G.R., Rolls, E., Booth, M., Holmes, A., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Friston, K.J., (1997). How the brain learn to see objects in an impoverished context. Nature, 389, 596-599.** Endo, S., Toyama, H., Kimura, Y., Ishii, K., Senda, M., Kiyosawa, M., &Uchiyama A. (1997). Mapping visual field with positron emission tomography by mathematical modelling of the retinotopic organization in the calcarine cortex. IEEE Transactions of Medical Imaging 16, 252-60. ** Engel, S.A.,Glover, G.H., &Wandell, B.A.(1997a). Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. Cerebral Cortex, 7,181-192. ** Engel, S., Zhang, X., & Wandell, B.(1997b). Colour tuning in human visual cortex measured with fMRI. Nature, 388, 68-71. ** Faillenot, I., Sekuta, H., couter, N., decety, J., & Jeannerod, M. (1997a). Visual working memory for shape and 3d-orientation: a PET study. Neuroreport, 8, 859-862. ** Faillenot, I., Toni I., Decety, J., Gregoire, M-C., & Jeannerod, M.(1997b). Visual pathways for object-oriented action and object recognition: functional anatomy with PET. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 77 - 85. ** Fiez, J.A. (1997). Phonology, semantics, and the role of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 78-93. Fink, G.R., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Pietryzk, U., & Passingham, R.E. (1997a). Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2164-2174. ** Fink, G.R., Halligan, P.W., Marshall, J.C., Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Dolan R.J. (1997b). Neural mechanisms involved in the processing of global and local aspects of hierarchically organized visual stimuli. Brain, 120, 1779-1791. ** Fink, G.R., Marshall, J.C., Halligan, P.W., Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S., &Dolan, R.J. (1997c). Hemispheric specialization for global and local processing: the effect of stimulus category. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 264, 487-94. ** Fletcher, P.C., Frith, D.D., & Rugg, M.D.(1997). The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory. Trends in neuroscience, 20, 213-218. Fox, P., Ingham, R., George, M.S., Mayberg, H., Ingham, J., Roby, J., Martin, C., & Jerabek, P.(1997). Imaging human intra cerebral connectivity by PET using TMS. Neuroreport, 8, 2787-2791. ** Frackowiak, R., Friston, K.J, Frith, C.D., Dolan, R. (1997). Human Brain Function. San-Diego, CA: Academic Press. Friston, K.J.(1997). Imaging cognitive anatomy. Trends in cognitive sciences, 1,21-27. Frith, C.D., & Dolan, R.J.(1997). Brain mechanisms associated with top-down processes in perception. The Royal Society Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences B, 352,1221-1230. Fujii, J., Okuda, J., Kawashima, R., Yamadori, A., Fukatsu, R., Suzuki, K., Ito, M., Goto, R., & Fukuda, H.(1997). Different roles of the left and right parahippocampal regions in verbal recognition: a PET study. Neuroreport, 8, 1113-1117. ** Furey, M.L., Pietrini, P., Haxby, J.V., Alexander, G.E., Lee, H.C., VanMeter, J., Grady, C.L., Shetty, U., Rapoport, S.I., Schapiro, M.B., & Freo, U.(1997). Cholinergic stimulation alters performance and task-specific regional cerebral blood flow during working memory. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 6512-6516. ** Gabrieli, J.D., Brewer, J.B., Desmond, J.E., Glover, G.H.(1997). Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe. Science, 276,264-266. ** Goel, V., Gold, B., Kapur, S., & Houle, S.(1997). The seats of reason? An imaging study of deduction and induction reasoning. Neuroreport, 8, 1305-1310. ** Guathier, I., Anderson, A.W., Tarr, M.J., Skudlarsky, P., & Gore, J.C.(1997). Levels of categorization in visual recognition studied using functional MRI. Current Biology, 7,645-651. ** Gur, R.C., Ragland, J.D., Mozley, L.H., Mozley, P.D., Smith, R., Alavi, A., Bilker, W., & Gur, R.E.(1997). Lateralized changes in regional cerebral blood flow during performance of verbal and facial recognition tasks: correlation with performance and "effort." Brain and Cognition, 33, 388-444. ** Hazeltine, H., Grafton, S.T., & Ivry, R.(1997). Attention and stimulus characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. A PET study. Brain, 120, 123 - 140. ** Herbster, A.N., Mintun, M.A., Nebes, R.D., & Becker, J.T.(1997). Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 84-92. ** Hillyard, S.A., Hinrichs, H., Templemann, C., Morgan, S.T., Hansen, J.C., Scheic, H., & Heinze, H-J.(1997). Combining steady-state visual evoked potentials and fMRI to localize brain activity during selective attention. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 287-292. ** Hirano, S., Kojima, H., Naito, Y., Honjo, I., Kamoto, Y., Okazawa, H., Ishizu, K., Yonekura, Y., Nagahama, Y., Fukuyama, H., & Kehishi, J.(1997). Cortical processing mechanism for vocalization with auditory verbal feedback. Neuroreport, 8, 2379-2382. ** Hofle, N., Paus, T., Reutens, D., Fiset,P., Gotman, J., Evans, A.C., & Jones, B.E.(1997). Regional Cerebral Blood Flow changes as a function of delta and spindle activity during slow wave sleep in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4800-4808. ** Humphrey, G.K., Goodale, M.A., Bowen, C.V., Gati, J.S., Vilis, T., Rutt, B.K., & Menon, R.S. (1997). Differences in perceived shape from shading correlate with activity in early visual areas. Current Biology, 7, 144-147. ** Hyder, F., Phelps, E.A.,Wiggins, C.J., Labar, K.S., Blamire, A.M., & Shulman, R.G.(1997). "Willed action": A functional MRI study of the human prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 6989-6994. ** Iacoboni, M., Woods, R.P., Lenzi, G.L., & Mazziotta, J.C.(1997). Merging of oculomotor and somatomotor space coding in the human right precentral gyrus. Brain, 120, 1635 - 1645. ** Imaizumi, S., Mori, K., Kiritani, S., Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Fukuda, H., Itoh, K., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Kojima, S., Inakamura, K.(1997). Vocal identification of speaker and emotion activates different brain regions. Neuroreport, 8, 2809-2812. ** Indefrey, P., Kleinschmidt, A., Merboldt, K.-D., Kruger, G., Brown, C., Hagoort, P., & Frahm. J. (1997) (Note). Equivalent responses to lexical and nonlexical visual stimuli in occipital cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. NeuroImage, 5, 78-81. ** Jennings, J.M., McIntosh, A.R., Kapur, S., Tulving, E., & Houle, S. (1997). Cognitive substraction may not add up: the interaction between semantic processing and response mode. NeuroImage, 5, 229-239. ** Johannsen, P., Jakobson, J., Bruhn, P., Hansen, S.B., Gee, A., Stodkilde-jorgensen, H., & Gjedde, A. (1997). Cortical sites of sustained and divided attention in normal elderly humans. NeuroImage, 6, 145-155. ** Jonides, J., Schumacher, E.H., Smith, E.E., Lauber, E.J., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., &Koeppe, R.A.(1997). Verbal Working Memory Load Affects Regional Brain Activation as Measured by PET. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 462-475. ** Jueptner, M., Stephan, K.M., Frith, C.D., Brooks, D.J., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Passingham, R.E. (1997a). Anatomy of motor learning: I. Frontal cortex and attention to action. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1313-1324. ** Jueptner, M., Frith, C.D., Brooks, D.J., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Passingham, R.E. (1997b). Anatomy of motor learning: II. Subcortical structures and learning by trial and error. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1325-1337. ** Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M.M.(1997a). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311. ** Kanwisher, N., Woods, R.P., Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J.C,(1997b). A locus in human extrastriate cortex for visual shape analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 133-142. ** Kawashima, R., Inoue, K., Sato, K., & Fukuda, H.(1997). Functional symmetry of cortical motor control in left handed subjects. Neuroreport, 8, 1729-1732. ** Kilinberg, T., O'Sullivan, B.T., & Roland, P.E.(1997). Bilateral activation of fronto-parietal networks by incrementing demand in a working memory test. Cerebral Cortex, 7,465-471. ** Kim, K.H.S., Melkin, N.R.,Lee, K-M., & Hirsch, J.(1997). Different cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388, 171-174. ** Kraut, M., Hart, J. Jr., Soher, B.J. & Gordon, B. (1997). Object shape processing in the visual system evaluated using functional MRI. Neurology, 48,1416-20. ** Maguire, E.A., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.D.(1997). Recalling routes around London: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 7103-7110. ** Mangun, G.R., Hopfinger, J.B., Kussmaul, C.L., Fletcher, E.M., Heinze, H-J.(1997). Covariations in ERP and PET measures of spatial selective attention in human extrastriate visual cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 273-279. ** Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J., Péters, J-M., Luxen, A., & Franck, G.(1997). Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2807-2812. ** Marshall, R.S., Lazar, R.M., Van Heertum, R.L., Esser, P.D., Perera, G.M., & Mohr, J.P. (1997). Changes in regional cerebral blood flow related to line bisection discrimination and visual attention using HMPAO-SPECT. NeuroImage, 6, 139-144. ** Martinez, A., moses, P., Frank, L., Buxton, R.,Wong, E., & Stiles, J.(1997). Hemispheric asymmetry in global and local processing: evidence from fMRI. Neuroreport, 8, 1685-1689. ** McCarthy, G., Luby, M., Gore, J., & Goldman-Rakic, P.(1997a). Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by fMRI. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1630-1634. ** McCarthy, G., Puce, A., Gore, J.C., & Allison, T. (1997b). Face-specific processing in the human fusiform gyrus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 605-610. ** Mcguire, P.K., Robertson, D., Thacker, A., David, A.S., Kitson, N., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.D.(1997). Neural correlates of thinking in sign language.Neuroreport, 8, 695-698. ** McIntosh, A.R., Nyberg, L., Bookstein, F.L., & Tulving, E. (1997). Differential functional connectivity of prefrontal and medial temporal cortices during episodic memory retrieval. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 323-327. ** McKeefry, D.J., Watson, J.D.G., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Fong, K., Zeki, S. (1997). The activity in human area V1/V2, V3, and V5 during the perception of coherent and incoherent motion. NeuroImage, 5,1-12. ** Lacquaniti, F., Perani, D., Guigon, E., Bettinardi, V., Carrozzo, M., Grassi, F., Rossetti, Y., & Fazio, F. (1997). Visuomotor transformation for reaching to memorized targets: a PET study. NeuroImage, 5, 129-146. ** Menon, R.S., Ogawa, S., Strupp, J.P., & Ugurbil, K. (1997). Ocular dominance in human V1 demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2780-2787. ** Mentis, M.J., Alexander, G.E., Grady, C.L., Horwitz, N., Krasuski, J., Pietrini, P., Strassburger, T., Hampel, H., Schapiro, M.B., & Rapaport, S.I. (1997). Frequency variation of a pattern-flash visual stimulus during PET differentially activates brain from striate through frontal cortex. NeuroImage, 5, 116-128. ** Morris, J.S., Friston, K.J., & Dolan, R.J.(1997). Neural responses to salient visual stimuli. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 264, 769-775. ** Nobre, A.C., Sebestyen, G.N., Gitelman, D.R., Mesulam, M.M., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.D.(1997). Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography. Brain, 120, 515 - 533. ** Nolte, J. (1993). The human brain (third edition). St Louis, Missouri: Mosby-Year book, Inc. Orban, G.A., Dupont, P., Vogels, R., Bormans, G., & Mortelmans, L.(1997). Human brain activity related to orientation discrimination tasks. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 246 - 259. ** Owen, A.M.(1997). Mini-review. The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: the contribution of functional neuroimaging. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1329 - 1339. Paulesu, E., Goldacre, B., Scifo, P., Cappa, S.E., Gilardi, M.C., Castiglioni, I., Perani, D., & Fazio, F.(1997). Functional heterogeneity of left inferior frontal cortex as revealed by fMRI. Neuroreport, 8, Neuroreport, 8, 2011-2016. ** Paus, T., Jech, R., Thompson, C.J., Comeau, R., Peters, T., & Evans, A.C.(1997a). Transcranial magnetic stimulation during Positron Emission Tomography: A new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 3178-3184. ** Paus, T., Zatorre, R.J, Hofle, N., Caramanos, Z.,Gotman, J.,Petrides, M., & Evans, A.C.(1997b). Time-related changes in neural systems underlying attention and arousal during the performance of an auditory vigilance task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 392-408. ** Perlstein, W.M., Braver, T.S., Nystrom, L.E., Noll, D.C., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Cohen, J. D. (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature, 386, 604-608. ** Peterson, K.M., Elfgren, C., & Ingver, M. (1997). A dynamic role of the medial temporal lobe during retrieval of declarative memory in man. NeuroImage, 6, 1-122. ** Petit, L., Clark, V.P., Ingeholm, J., & Haxby, J.V.(1997). Dissociation of saccade-related and pursuit-related activation in human frontal eye fields as reveal by fMRI. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 3386-3390. ** Phillips, M.L., Young, A.W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., Calder, A.J., Bullmore E.T., Perrett,D.I., Rowland, D., Williams, S.C.R., Gray, J.A., & David, A.S. (1997). A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expression of disgust. Nature, 389, 495-499. ** Platel, H., Price, C. Baron, J-C., Wise, R., Lambert, J., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Lechevalier, B., Eustache, F.(1997). The structural components of music perception. A functional anatomical study. Brain, 120, 229 - 243. ** Poepple, D.(1996). A critical review of PET studies of phonological processing. Brain and Language 55, 317-371. Poline, J-B., Vandenberghe, R., Holmes, A.P., Friston, K.J., & Frackowiak, R.S.J. (1996). Reproducibility of PET activation studies: lessons from a multi-center European experiment. NeuroImage 4, 34-54. Price, C.J., & Friston, K.J.(1997). Cognitive conjunction: a new approach to brain activation experiments. NeuroImage, 5, 261-270. ** Pugh, K.R., Shaywitz, B.A., Shaywitz, S.E., Shankweiler, D.P., Katz, L., Fletcher, J.M., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R.K., Constable, R.T., Bronen, R.A., Lacadie, C., & Gore, J.C.(1997). Predicting reading performance from neuroimaging profiles: the cerebral basis of phonological effects in printed word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 23,299-318. ** Prbhakarana, V., Smith, J.A.L., Desmond, J.E., Glover, G.H., Gabrieli, J.D.E.(1997). Neural subtrates of fluid reasoning: an fMRI study of neocortical activation during performance of the Raven's progressive matrices test. Cognitive Psychology 33, 43-63. ** Price, C.J., Morre, C.J., & Friston, K.J. (1997). Substructions, conjunctions, and interactions in experimental design of activation studies. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 264-272. ** Ragland, J.D., Rahlan, D.C., Gur, R.C., Censits, D.M., Smith, R.J., Mozley, P.D., Alavi, A., & Gur, R.E.(1997). PET regional cerebral blood flow during working memory and declarative memory: Relationship with task performance. Neuropsychology 11,2222-2310. ** Reppas, J.R., Niyogi, S., Dale, A.M., Sereno, M.I., & Tootell, R.B.H.(1997). Representation of contour boundaries in retinotopic human visual cortical areas. Nature, 388,175-179. ** Rainville, P., Duncan, G.H., Price, D.D., Carrier, B., & Bushnell, M.C.(1997). Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science, 277, 968-970. ** Rao, S.M., Bobholz, J.A., Hammeke, T.A., Rosen, A.C., Woodley, S.J., Cunningham, J.M., Cox, R.W., Stein, E.A., & Binder, J.R.(1997a). Functional MRI evidence for subcortical participation in conceptual reasoning skills. Neuroreport, 8, 1987-1993. ** Rao, S.M., Harrington, D.L., Haaland, K.Y., Bobholz, J.A., Cox, R.W., & Binder, J.R.(1997b). Distributed neural systems underlying the timing of movements. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 5528-5535. ** Rauch, S.L., Whalen, P.J., Savage, C.R., Curran, T., Kendrick, A.A., Brown, H.D., Bush, G., Breiter, H.C., & Rosen, B.R. (1997). Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 124-132. ** Rees, G., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.(1997). Two modulatory effects of attention that mediate object categorization in human cortex. Science, 275, 835-838. ** Richter, W., Andersen, P.M., Georgopoulos, A.P., & Kim, S-G.(1997). Sequential activity in human motor areas during a delayed cued finger movement task studied by time resolved MRI. Neuroreport, 8, 1257-1261. ** Rosier, A., Cornette, L., Dupont, P., Bormans, G., Michiels, J., Mortelmans, L., Orban, G.A.(1997). Positron Emission Tomography imaging of long term shape recognition challenges. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 7627-7632. ** Rugg, M.D., Fletcher, F.C.,Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & dolan, R.J.(1997). Brain regions supporting intentional and incidental memory: a PET study. Neuroreport, 8, 1283-1287. ** Rumsey, J.M., Horwitz, B., Donohue, B.C., Nace, K., Maisog, J.M., & Andreason, P. (1997). Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition. A PET-rCBF study. Brain, 120, 739-759. ** Sahraie, A., Weiskrantz, L., Barbur, J.L., Simmons, A., Williams, S.C.R., & Brammer, M.J.(1997). Pattern of neuronal activity associated with conscious and unconscious processing of visual signals. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 9406-9411. ** Schreus, B.G., McIntosh, A.R., Bahro, M., Herscovitch, P., sunderland, T., & Molchan, S.E.(1997). Lateralization and behavioural correlation of changes in regional cerebral blood flow with classical conditioning of the human eyeblink response. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2153-2163. ** Seitz, R.J., Canavan, A.G.M., Yaguez, L., Herzog, H., Tellmann, L., Knorr, U., Huang Y., & Homberg, V.(1997). Representations of graphomotor trajectories in the human parietal cortex: evidence for controlled processing and automatic performance. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 378 - 389. ** Shadmehr, R., & Holcomb, H.H.(1997). Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation. Science, 277,821-825. ** Shulman, G.L.,Corbetta, M.,Buckner, R.L.,Raichle, M.E.,Fiez, J.A.,Miezin, F.M., & Petersen, S.E.(1997a). Top-down modulation of early sensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 7,193 - 206. ** Shulman, G.L., Corbetta, M., Fiez, J.A., Buckner, R.L., Miezin, F.M., Raichle, M.E., & Petersen, S.E. (1997b). Searching for activations that generalize over tasks. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 317-322. ** Shulman, G.L., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R.L., Fiez, J.A., Miezin, F.M., Raichle, M.E., & Petersen, S.E. (1997c). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: I. Increases in subcortical structures and cerebellum but not in nonvisual cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 624-647. ** Shulman, G.L., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R.L., Fiez, J.A., Miezin, F.M., Raichle, M.E., & Petersen, S.E. (1997d). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 648-663. ** Smith E.E., & Jonides J. (1997). Working memory: a view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology, 33,5-42. Soderfeldt, B., Ingvar, M., Ronnberg, J., Eeriksson, L., Serrander, M., & Stone-Elander, S.(1997). Signed and spoken language perception studied by positron emission tomography. Neurology, 59, 82-87. ** Strother, S.C., Lange, N., Anderson, J.R., Schaper, K.A., Rehm, K., Hansen, L.K., Rottenberg, D.A. (1997). Activation pattern reproducibility: measuring the effects of group size and data analysis models. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 312-316. Svensson, P., Minoshima, S., Beydoun, A., Morrow, T.J., & Casey, K. (1997). Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78, 7450-7460. ** Tagaris, G.A, Kim, S-G., Strupp, J.P., Andersen, P., Ugurbil, K., & Georgopoulos, A.P.(1997). Mental rotation studied by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at high field (4 Tesla): Performance and Cortical Activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 419-432. ** Taylor, S.F., Kornblum, S., Lauber, E.J., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R.A. (1997). Isolation of specific interference processing in the stroop task: PET activation studies. NeuroImage, 6, 81-92. ** Thut, G., Schultz, W., Roelcke, U., Nienhusmeier, M., Missimer, J., Maguire, R.P., & Leenders, K.L. (1997). Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. Neuroreport, 8, 1225-1228. ** Tootell, R.B.H., Mendola, J.D., Hadjikhani, N.K., Ledden, P.J., Liu, A.K., Reppas, J.B., Sereno, M.I., & Dale, A.M.(1997). Functional analysis of V3A and related areas in human visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 7060-7078. ** Tzourio, N., El Massioui, F., Crivello, F., Joliot, M., Renault, B., & Mazoyer, B. (1997). Functional anatomy of human auditory attention studied with PET. NeuroImage, 5, 63-77. ** Vandenberghe, R., Duncan, J., Dupont, P., Ward, R., Poline, J-B. Bormans, G., Michiels, J., Mortelmans, L., & Orban, G.A.(1997). Attention to one or two features in left or right visual field: A Positron Emission Tomography study. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 3739-3750. ** Van Oostende, S., Van Hecke, P., Sunaert, S., Nuttin, B., & Marchal, G. (1997). fMRI studies of the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex. NeuroImage, 6, 181-190. ** Volkow, N.D., Rosen, B., & Farde, L.(1997). Imaging the living human brain: Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 2787-2788. Wessinger, C.M., Buonocore, M.H., Kussmaul, C.L., & Mangun, G.R.(1997). Tonotopy in human cortex examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 18-25.** Wilkinson, J.E. (1992) Neuroanatomy for medical students (2nd edition). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinmann Ltd. Winstein, C.J., Grafton, S.T., & Pohl, P.S.(1997). Motor task difficulty and brain activity: Investigation of goal directed reciprocal aiming using PET. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1581-1594. ** Woldorff, M.G., Fox, P.T., Matzke, M., Lancaster, L.L., Veeraswamy, S., Zamarripa, F., Seabolt, M., Glass, T., Gao, J.H., Martin, C.C., & Jerabek, P.(1997). Retinotopic organization of early visual spatial attention effects as revealed by PET and ERPs. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 280-286. ** Ye, F.Q., Smith, A.M., Yang, Y., DUYN, J., Mattay, V.S., Ruttimann, U.E., Frank, J.A., Weinberger, D.R., & McLaughlin, A.C.(1997). Quantitation of regional cerebral blood flow increases during motor activation: a steady-state arterial spin tagging study. NeuroImage, 6, 104-112. ** Zald, D.H., & Pardo, J.V.(1997). Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, 94, 4119-4124. ** citation: Harpaz, Yehouda (1998) Replicability of cognitive imaging of the cerebral cortex By PET and fMRI: A survey of recent literature. [Preprint] document_url: http://cogprints.org/1903/1/l.html