<> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^ . <> . . "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems"^^ . "Tone languages provide some interesting challenges for the designers of new orthographies.\nOne approach is to omit tone marks, just as stress is not marked in English (zero marking).\nAnother approach is to do phonemic tone analysis and then make heavy use of diacritic\nsymbols to distinguish the `tonemes' (exhaustive marking). While orthographies based on\neither system have been successful, this may be thanks to our ability to manage inadequate\northographies rather than to any intrinsic advantage which is afforded by one or the other\napproach. In many cases, practical experience with both kinds of orthography in sub-Saharan\nAfrica has shown that people have not been able to attain the level of reading and writing\nfluency that we know to be possible for the orthographies of non-tonal languages. In some\ncases this can be attributed to a sociolinguistic setting which does not favour vernacular\nliteracy. In other cases, the orthography itself might be to blame. If the orthography of a tone\nlanguage is difficult to user or to learn, then a good part of the reason, I believe, is that the\ndesigner either has not paid enough attention to the function of tone in the language, or has\nnot ensured that the information encoded in the orthography is accessible to the ordinary\n(non-linguist) user of the language. If the writing of tone is not going to continue to be a\nstumbling block to literacy efforts, then a fresh approach to tone orthography is required, one\nwhich assigns high priority to these two factors. \n\nThis article describes the problems with orthographies that use too few or too many tone\nmarks, and critically evaluates a wide range of creative intermediate solutions. I review the\ncontributions made by phonology and reading theory, and provide some broad methodological\nprinciples to guide someone who is seeking to represent tone in a writing system. The tone\northographies of several languages from sub-Saharan Africa are presented throughout the\narticle, with particular emphasis on some tone languages of Cameroon. "^^ . "1999" . . . "2" . . "John Benjamins"^^ . . . "Written Language and Literacy"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "William"^^ . "Bright"^^ . "William Bright"^^ . . "Steven"^^ . "Bird"^^ . "Steven Bird"^^ . . . . . . "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems (Postscript)"^^ . . . . . . "wll2.ps"^^ . . . "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems (Image (PNG))"^^ . . . . . . "preview.png"^^ . . . "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems (PDF)"^^ . . . . . . . . . "wll2.pdf"^^ . . . "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems (Indexer Terms)"^^ . . . . . . "indexcodes.txt"^^ . . "HTML Summary of #2174 \n\nStrategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems\n\n" . "text/html" . . . "Phonology" . .