--- abstract: "In the cerebral cortex, neurons are subject to a continuous bombardment of synaptic inputs originating from the network's background activity. This leads to ongoing, mostly subthreshold membrane dynamics that depends on the statistics of the background activity and of the synapses made on a neuron. Subthreshold membrane polarization is, in turn, a potent modulator of neural responses. The present paper analyzes the subthreshold dynamics of the neural membrane potential driven by synaptic inputs of stationary statistics. Synaptic inputs are considered in linear interaction. The analysis identifies regimes of input statistics which give rise to stationary, fluctuating, oscillatory, and unstable dynamics. In particular, I show that (i) mere noise inputs can drive the membrane potential into sustained, quasiperiodic oscillations (noise-driven oscillations), in the absence of a stimulus-derived, intraneural, or network pacemaker; (ii) adding hyperpolarizing to depolarizing synaptic input can increase neural activity (hyperpolarization-induced activity), in the absence of hyperpolarization-activated currents." altloc: [] chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: [] creators_name: - family: Hillenbrand given: Ulrich honourific: Dr. lineage: '' date: 2002 date_type: published datestamp: 2002-09-29 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/24/80 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: ~ edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: [] eprint_status: archive eprintid: 2480 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/2480/1/Hillenbrand_02.pdf full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: 'neural networks, cerebral cortex, membrane potential, synapses, stochastic process' lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:55:00 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: article number 021909 number: ~ pagerange: ~ pubdom: FALSE publication: Physical Review E publisher: ~ refereed: TRUE referencetext: |- \bibitem{Andreasen&Lambert99} M~Andreasen and J~D Lambert. \newblock Somatic amplification of distally generated subthreshold {EPSPs} in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurones. \newblock {\em J.\ Physiol.\ (London)}, 519:85--100, 1999. \bibitem{Aparicio&Solari01} J~P Aparicio and H~G Solari. \newblock Sustained oscillations in stochastic systems. \newblock {\em Math.\ Biosci.}, 169:15--25, 2001. \bibitem{Azouz&Gray99} R~Azouz and C~M Gray. \newblock Cellular mechanisms contributing to response variability of cortical neurons in vivo. \newblock {\em J.\ Neurosci.}, 19:2209--2223, 1999. \bibitem{Bringuier_etal97} V~Bringuier, Y~Fregnac, A~Baranyi, D~Debanne, and D~E Shulz. \newblock Synaptic origin and stimulus dependency of neuronal oscillatory activity in the primary visual cortex of the cat. \newblock {\em J.\ Physiol.\ (London)}, 500:751--774, 1997. \bibitem{Brunel&Hakim99} N~Brunel and V~Hakim. \newblock Fast global oscillations in networks of integrate-and-fire neurons with low firing rates. \newblock {\em Neural Comput.}, 11:1621--1671, 1999. \bibitem{Castelo-Branco_etal98} M~Castelo-Branco, S~Neuenschwander, and W~Singer. \newblock Synchronization of visual responses between the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and retina in the anesthetized cat. \newblock {\em J.\ Neurosci.}, 18:6395--6410, 1998. \bibitem{Chitwood_etal99} R~A Chitwood, A~Hubbard, and D~B Jaffe. \newblock Passive electrotonic properties of rat hippocampal {CA3} interneurones. \newblock {\em J.\ Physiol.\ (London)}, 515:743--756, 1999. \bibitem{Defelipe&Farinas92} J~Defelipe and I~Fari{\~n}as. \newblock The pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex: morphological and chemical characteristics of the synaptic inputs. \newblock {\em Prog.\ Neurobiol.}, 39:563--607, 1992. \bibitem{Destexhe&Pare99} A~Destexhe and D~Pare. \newblock Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. \newblock {\em J.\ Neurophysiol.}, 81:1531--1547, 1999. \bibitem{Friedman-Hill_etal00} S~{Friedman-Hill}, P~E Maldonado, and C~M Gray. \newblock Dynamics of striate cortical activity in the alert macaque: {I.} incidence and stimulus-dependence of gamma-band neuronal oscillations. \newblock {\em Cereb.\ Cortex}, 10:1105--1116, 2000. \bibitem{Gerstner_etal96} W~Gerstner, J~L {van Hemmen}, and J~D Cowan. \newblock What matters in neuronal locking? 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