---
abstract: "Great apes show behavioural evidence for secondary representation similar to that of children of about two years of age. However, there is no convincing evidence for metarepresentation in apes. A good evolutionary interpretation should be parsimonious and must bring developmental and comparative data in accord. I propose a model based on the work of Perner (1991) and close by pointing out a logical flaw in Heyes’ second proposed experiment.\n\n"
altloc: []
chapter: ~
commentary: ~
commref: 'Heyes, C.M. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21.'
confdates: ~
conference: ~
confloc: ~
contact_email: ~
creators_id: []
creators_name:
  - family: Suddendorf
    given: Thomas
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
date: 1998
date_type: published
datestamp: 2002-11-19
department: ~
dir: disk0/00/00/26/14
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edit_lock_user: ~
editors_id: []
editors_name: []
eprint_status: archive
eprintid: 2614
fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/2614/1/bbs.pdf
full_text_status: public
importid: ~
institution: ~
isbn: ~
ispublished: pub
issn: ~
item_issues_comment: []
item_issues_count: 0
item_issues_description: []
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item_issues_reported_by: []
item_issues_resolved_by: []
item_issues_status: []
item_issues_timestamp: []
item_issues_type: []
keywords: ~
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:55:06
latitude: ~
longitude: ~
metadata_visibility: show
note: "Commenatry on C.M. Heyes' target article: Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 131."
number: ~
pagerange: 131
pubdom: FALSE
publication: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
publisher: ~
refereed: TRUE
referencetext: |
  Asendorpf, J.B., Warkentin, V., & Baudonniere, P.M. (1996). Self-awareness and other-awareness II: Mirror self-recognition, social contingency awareness, and synchronic imitation. Developmental Psychology, 32, 313-321.
  Bischof-Köhler, D. (1989). Spiegelbild und Empathie [Mirror image and empathy]. Bern: Hans Huber Verlag.
  Gopnik, A., & Astington J.W. (1988). Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 59, 26-37.
  Köhler, W. (1927). The mentality of apes (E. Winter, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (Original work published 1917).
  Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  Perner, J., & Ruffman, T. (1995). Episodic memory and autogenetic consciousness: Developmental evidence and a theory of childhood amnesia. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 516-548.
  Suddendorf, T. (in press). The rise of the metamind. In M.C. Corballis & S. Lea (Eds.), Evolution of the hominid mind. London: Oxford University Press.
  Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M.C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 133-167.
  Suddendorf, T., & Fletcher-Flinn, C.M. (1997). Theory of mind and the origins of divergent thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior, 31, 169-179.
  Suddendorf, T., Fletcher-Flinn, C.M., & Johnston, L. (1997). Pantomime and theory of mind. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
relation_type: []
relation_uri: []
reportno: ~
rev_number: 12
series: ~
source: ~
status_changed: 2007-09-12 16:46:00
subjects:
  - dev-psy
  - bio-etho
  - bio-primat
  - phil-mind
  - evol-psy
  - bio-ani-behav
  - bio-ani-cog
  - phil-lang
  - cog-psy
  - comp-psy
succeeds: ~
suggestions: ~
sword_depositor: ~
sword_slug: ~
thesistype: ~
title: 'Simpler for evolution: Secondary representation in apes, children, and ancestors'
type: journalp
userid: 478
volume: 21
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