--- abstract: | The title is not a metaphor, though past tense might be better as this chapter is about how each of the many hundred abrupt coolings of the last several million years could have served as a pump stroke, each elevating intelligence a small increment - even though what natural selection was operating on was not intelligence per se. While we often use the term 'intelligence' to encompass both a broad range of abilities and the efficiency with which they're enacted, it also implies flexibility and creativity, an "ability to slip the bonds of instinct and generate novel solutions to problems" (Gould and Gould 1994, p. 70). Those three pillars of animal intelligence - association, imitation, and insight - are also impressive (Byrne 1994), as are the occasional symbolic (Deacon 1997) and reasoning (Gould & Gould, 1998) abilities. But Piaget (1929; 1952) said that intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do, when neither innateness nor learning has prepared you for the particular situation. altloc: - http://www.williamcalvin.com/1990s/1999intelligence-chapter.htm chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: [] creators_name: - family: Calvin given: William H honourific: '' lineage: '' date: 2001 date_type: published datestamp: 2003-10-14 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/32/19 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: ~ edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: - family: Sternberg given: R. J. honourific: '' lineage: '' eprint_status: archive eprintid: 3219 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/text_html.png;/3219/1/1999intelligence%2Dchapter.htm full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: ~ lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:55:22 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: ~ pagerange: 97-115 pubdom: FALSE publication: The Evolution of Intelligence publisher: L. Erlbaum refereed: TRUE referencetext: | Barlow, H. B. (1987). Intelligence: the art of good guessing. In R. L. Gregory (ed.), Oxford Companion to the Mind., pp. 381-383. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Broecker, W. S. (1997). Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO2 Upset the Current Balance? Science 278:1582 - 1588. Available: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5343/1582. Broecker, W. S. (1999). What If the Conveyor Were to Shut Down? Reflections on a Possible Outcome of the Great Global Experiment. GSA Today 9(1):1-7 (January). Available: http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/gsatoday/gsat9901.htm Bronowski, J. (1973). The Ascent of Man. Boston: Little, Brown. Byrne, R. W. (1994). The evolution of intelligence, pp. 223-265. In P. J. B. Slater, T. R. Halliday (eds.), Behaviour and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Calvin, W. H. (1983). A stone's throw and its launch window: timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 104, 121-135. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/1980s/1983JTheorBiol.htm. Calvin, W. H. (1987). The brain as a Darwin machine. Nature, 330, 33-34. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/1980s/1987Nature.htm. Calvin, W. H. (1993). The unitary hypothesis: A common neural circuitry for novel manipulations, language, plan-ahead, and throwing? In K. R. Gibson & T. Ingold (Eds.) Tools, Language, and Cognition in Human Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 230-250. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/1990s/1993Unitary.htm. Calvin, W. H. (1996a). The Cerebral Code. MIT Press. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/bk9. Calvin, W. H. (1996b). How Brains Think. New York: Basic Books. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/bk8. Calvin, W. H. (1997). The Six Essentials? Minimal Requirements for the Darwinian Bootstrapping of Quality. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 1, at http://www.fmb.mmu.ac.uk/jom-emit/1997/vol1/calvin_wh.html Calvin, W. H. (1998a). The great climate flip-flop. The Atlantic Monthly 281(1):47-64. Available: http://WilliamCalvin.com/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm. Calvin, W. H. (1998b). 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New York: Scientific American Library. Gould, J. L., & Gould, C. G. (1998). Reasoning in animals. Scientific American Presents 9(4):52-59. Jensen, A. R. (1992). Understanding g in terms of information processing. Educational Psychology Review 4:271-308. Kimura, D. (1993). Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication. Oxford University Press. Kuhl, P. K., Williams, K. A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K. N. & Lindblom, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science 255:606-608. Ojemann, G. (1991). Cortical organization of language. Journal of Neuroscience 11:2281-2287. Ojemann, G., Mateer, C. (1979). Human language cortex: localization of memory, syntax, and sequential motor-phoneme identification systems. Science 205:1401-1403. Pagels, H. (1988). The Dreams of Reason. Basic Books. Piaget, J. (1929; 1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press (translation of Naissance de l'intelligence chez l'enfant), last chapter. Sacks, O. (1989). Seeing Voices. Berkeley: University of California Press. Simon, H.A. (1983). Reason in Human Affairs. Palo Alto CA: Stanford University Press. Sober, E., Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Harvard University Press. relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 8 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2007-09-12 16:49:08 subjects: - bio-socio - bio-evo succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: 'Pumping Up Intelligence: Abrupt Climate Jumps and the Evolution of Higher Intellectual Functions during the Ice Ages' type: bookchapter userid: 3697 volume: ~