?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Innateness+Is+Canalization%3A+In+Defense+of+a+Developmental+Account+of+Innateness&rft.creator=Ariew%2C+Andre&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Philosophy+of+Science&rft.description=Lorenz+proposed+in+his+(1935)+articulation+of+a+theory+of+behavioral+instincts+that+the+objective+of+ethology+is+to+distinguish+behaviors+that+are+%C2%93innate%C2%94+from+behaviors+that+are+%C2%93learned%C2%94+(or+%C2%93acquired%C2%94).+Lorenz%C2%92s+motive+was+to+open+the+investigation+of+certain+%C2%93adaptive%C2%94+behaviors+to+evolutionary+theorizing.+Accordingly%2C+since+innate+behaviors+are+%C2%93genetic%C2%94%2C+they+are+open+to+such+investigation.+By+Lorenz%C2%92s+light+an+innate%2Facquired+or+learned+dichotomy+rested+on+a+familiar+Darwinian+distinction+between+genes+and+environments.+Ever+since+Lorenz%2C+ascriptions+of+innateness+have+become+widespread+in+the+cognitive%2C+behavioral%2C+and+biological+sciences.+The+trend+continues+despite+decades+of+strong+arguments+that+show%2C+in+particular%2C+the+dichotomy+that+Lorenz+invoked+in+his+theory+of+behavioral+instincts+is+literally+false%3A+no+biological+trait+is+the+product+of+genes+alone.+Some+critics+suggest+that+the+failure+of+Lorenz%C2%92s+account+shows+that+innateness+is+not+well-defined+in+biology+and+the+practice+of+ascribing+innateness+to+various+biological+traits+should+be+dropped+from+respectable+science.+Elsewhere+(Ariew+1996)+I+argued+that+despite+the+arguments+of+critics%2C+there+really+is+a+biological+phenomenon+underlying+the+concept+of+innateness.+On+my+view%2C+innateness+is+best+understood+in+terms+of+C.H.+Waddington%C2%92s+concept+of+%C2%93canalization%C2%94%2C+i.e.+the+degree+to+which+a+trait+is+innate+is+the+degree+to+which+its+developmental+outcome+is+canalized.+The+degree+to+which+a+developmental+outcome+is+canalized+is+the+degree+to+which+the+developmental+process+is+bound+to+produce+a+particular+endstate+despite+environmental+fluctuations+both+in+the+development%C2%92s+initial+state+and+during+the+course+of+development.+The+canalization+account+differs+in+many+ways+to+the+traditional+ways+that+ethologists+such+as+Konrad+Lorenz+originally+understood+the+concept+of+innateness.+Most+importantly%2C+on+the+canalization+account+the+distinction+between+innate+and+acquired+is+not+a+dichotomy%2C+as+Konrad+Lorenz+had+it%2C+but+rather+a+matter+of+degree+difference+that+lies+along+a+spectrum+with+highly+canalized+development+outcomes+on+the+one+end+and+highly+environmentally+sensitive+development+outcomes+on+the+other+end.+Nevertheless%2C+I+justified+the+canalization+account+on+the+basis+of+a+set+of+desiderata+or+criteria+that+I+suggested+falls-out+of+what+seemed+uncontroversial+about+Lorenz%C2%92s+account+of+innateness+(briefly)%3A+innateness+is+a+property+of+a+developing+individual%2C+innateness+denotes+environmental+stability%2C+and+innate-ascriptions+are+useful+in+certain+natural+selection+explanations+(more+below).+From+that+same+set+of+desiderata+I+argued+(in+my+1996)+that+neither+the+concept+of+heritability+nor+of+norms+of+reactions%C2%97two+concepts+from+population+genetics%C2%97suffice+to+ground+innateness.+In+this+essay%2C+I+wish+to+provide+further+support+of+the+canalization+account+in+two+ways.+First%2C+I+wish+to+better+motivate+the+desiderata+by+revisiting+a+debate+between+Konrad+Lorenz+and+Daniel+Lehrman+over+the+meaning+and+explanatory+usefulness+of+innate+ascriptions+in+ethology.+Second%2C+I+wish+to+compare+my+canalization+account+of+innateness+with+accounts+proposed+by+contemporary+philosophers%2C+one+by+Stephen+Stich+(1975)%2C+another+by+Elliott+Sober+(forthcoming)%2C+and+a+third+by+William+Wimsatt+(1986).&rft.publisher=MIT+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.contributor=Hardcastle%2C+Valerie&rft.date=1999&rft.type=Book+Chapter&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fplain&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F332%2F1%2FInnateness_20for_20Hardcastle.txt&rft.identifier=++Ariew%2C+Andre++(1999)+Innateness+Is+Canalization%3A+In+Defense+of+a+Developmental+Account+of+Innateness.++%5BBook+Chapter%5D++++(In+Press)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F332%2F