This site has been permanently archived. This is a static copy provided by the University of Southampton.
---
abstract: 'The nature of cognition is being re-considered. Instead of emphasizing formal operations on abstract symbols, the new approach foregrounds the fact that cognition is, rather, a situated activity, and suggests that thinking beings ought therefore be considered first and foremost as acting beings. The essay reviews recent work in Embodied Cognition, provides a concise guide to its principles, attitudes and goals, and identifies the physical grounding project as its central research focus. '
altloc:
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00054-7
chapter: ~
commentary: ~
commref: ~
confdates: ~
conference: ~
confloc: ~
contact_email: ~
creators_id: []
creators_name:
- family: Anderson
given: Michael L.
honourific: Dr.
lineage: ''
date: 2003-09
date_type: published
datestamp: 2004-11-20
department: ~
dir: disk0/00/00/39/49
edit_lock_since: ~
edit_lock_until: ~
edit_lock_user: ~
editors_id: []
editors_name: []
eprint_status: archive
eprintid: 3949
fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/3949/1/aij1984.pdf
full_text_status: public
importid: ~
institution: ~
isbn: ~
ispublished: pub
issn: ~
item_issues_comment: []
item_issues_count: 0
item_issues_description: []
item_issues_id: []
item_issues_reported_by: []
item_issues_resolved_by: []
item_issues_status: []
item_issues_timestamp: []
item_issues_type: []
keywords: ~
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:55:44
latitude: ~
longitude: ~
metadata_visibility: show
note: ~
number: 1
pagerange: 91-130
pubdom: FALSE
publication: Artificial Intelligence
publisher: ~
refereed: TRUE
referencetext: |
[1]. Behavioral Brain Sci. (Special issue on Direct Perception) 3 (1980).
[2]. P.E. Agre and D. Chapman, Pengi: An implementation of a theory of activity. In: Proceedings AAAI-87, Seattle, WA, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA (1987), pp. 268–272.
[3]. P. Agre, Computation and Human Experience. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).
[4]. M.L. Anderson, D. Josyula, Y. Okamoto and D. Perlis, Time-situated agency: Active logic and intention formation. In: Workshop on Cognitive Agents, 25th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2002).
[5]. M.L. Anderson, T. Oates, How an agent learns to use its head, in preparation
[6]. M.L. Anderson, D. Perlis, Situated self-consciousness, in preparation
[7]. M.L. Anderson and D.R. Perlis, Symbol systems. In: L. Nadel, D. Chalmers, P. Culicover, B. French and R. Goldstone, Editors, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Macmillan Publishers, London (2002).
[8]. R.C. Arkin, Behavior-based Robotics. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1998).
[9]. W. Bechtel, Connectionism and the philosophy of mind. In: W.G. Lycan, Editor, Mind and Cognition: A Reader, Basil Blackwell (1990), pp. 252–273.
[10]. J. Bermúdez, A.J. Marcel and N. Eilan, The Body and the Self. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1995).
[11]. M. Bhatia, P. Chi, W. Chong, D.P. Josyula, M. O'Donovan-Anderson, Y. Okamoto, D. Perlis and K. Purang, Handling uncertainty with active logic. In: Proceedings AAAI Fall Symposium on Uncertainty in Computation (2001).
[12]. E. Bizzi, S.F. Giszter, E. Loeb, F.A. Mussa-Ivaldi and P. Saltiel, Modular organization of motor behavior in the frog's spinal cord. Trends in Neuroscience 18 (1995), pp. 442–446. SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (658 K)
[13]. P. Bordieu, Practical Reason. , Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA (1998).
[14]. C. Breazeal, Designing Sociable Robots. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2002).
[15]. R. Brooks, Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1999).
[16]. R. Brooks, Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us. , Pantheon, New York (2002).
[17]. J. Cassell, J. Sullivan, S. Prevost and E. Chuchill, Embodied Conversational Agents. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2000).
[18]. W. Chong, M. O'Donovan-Anderson, Y. Okamoto and D. Perlis, Seven days in the life of a robotic agent. In: Proceedings of the GSFC/JPL Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts (2002).
[19]. W.J. Clancey, Situated Cognition: On Human Knowledge and Computer Representations. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).
[20]. A. Clark, Being There. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1996).
[21]. A. Clark, Embodied, situated and distributed cognition. In: W. Bechtel and G. Graham, Editors, A Companion to Cognitive Science, Basil Blackwell (1999), pp. 506–517.
[22]. G. Cohen, Memory in the Real World. , Erlbaum Press, Hillsdale, NJ (1996).
[23]. Cottingham, Stoothoff, Murdoch and Kenney, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1991).
[24]. Cycorp, The cycorp website, 2002. (http://www.cyc.com/products2.html).
[25]. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. , Harvest Books, New York (2000).
[26]. D. Dennett, Producing future by telling stories. In: K.M. Ford and Z.W. Pylyshyn, Editors, The Robot's Dilemma Revisited: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ (1996), pp. 1–7. Abstract-PsycINFO | $Order Document
[27]. D.C. Dennett, Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of AI. In: C. Hookaway, Editor, Minds, Machines and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1984), pp. 129–151.
[28]. R. Descartes, The world, or treatise on light. In: M. Cottingham, M. Stoothoff, M. Murdoch and M. Kenney, Editors, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).
[29]. P. Dourish, Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2001).
[30]. H.L. Dreyfus, What Computers Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Intelligence. , Harper and Row, New York (1972).
[31]. H.L. Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division 1. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1991).
[32]. H.L. Dreyfus, What Computers (Still) Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1992).
[33]. H.L. Dreyfus, Intelligence without representation: Merleau-Ponty's critique of mental representation. Phenomenol. Cognitive Sci. 1 4 (2002), pp. 367–383. Abstract-INSPEC | $Order Document | Full Text via CrossRef
[34]. G. Evans, The Varieties of Reference. , Oxford University Press, Oxford (1982).
[35]. G. Fauconnier and M. Turner, How We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. , Basic Books, New York (2002).
[36]. H. Field, Mental representation. Erkenntnis 13 (1978), pp. 9–61. Full Text via CrossRef
[37]. J. Fodor, Representations. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1981).
[38]. J. Fodor, A Theory of Content and Other Essays. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1990).
[39]. S. Franklin, Artificial Minds. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1995).
[40]. W.J. Freeman, Societies of Brains. , Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1995).
[41]. W.J. Freeman, How Brains Make Up Their Minds. , Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London (1999).
[42]. W.J. Freeman and R. Núnez, Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention and Emotion. , Imprint Academic, Thorverton, UK (1999).
[43]. D.M. Gabbay, R. Nossum and M. Thielscher, Agents in proactive environments. J. Logic Comput. 9 1 (1999), pp. 25–45. Abstract-Compendex | Abstract-INSPEC | $Order Document | MathSciNet
[44]. A.P. Georgopoulos, R.E. Kettner and A.B. Schwartz, Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding the direction of movement by a neuronal population. J. Neurosci. 8 (1988), pp. 2928–2937. Abstract-EMBASE | Abstract-MEDLINE | $Order Document
[45]. A.P. Georgopoulos, A.B. Schwartz and R.E. Kettner, Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science 233 (1992), pp. 1416–1419.
[46]. J.J. Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. , Houghton Mifflin, New York (1979).
[47]. G. Giralt, R. Chatila and M. Vaisset, An integrated navigation and motion control system for autonomous multisensory robots. In: Brady and Paul, Editors, Robotics Research 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1984), pp. 191–214.
[48]. R.V. Guha and D.B. Lenat, Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine 11 3 (1990), pp. 33–59.
[49]. C.B. Guignon, Heidegger and the Problem of Knowledge. , Hackett, Indianapolis, IN (1983).
[50]. J.-S. Gutmann, W. Hatzack, I. Herrmann, B. Nebel, F. Rittinger, A. Topor and T. Weigel, The CS Freiburg Team: Playing robotic soccer based on an explicit world model. AI Magazine 21 1 (2000), pp. 37–46. Abstract-INSPEC | Abstract-Compendex | $Order Document
[51]. I. Hacking, Representing and Intervening. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983).
[52]. S. Harnad, The symbol grounding problem. Phys. D 42 4 (1990), pp. 335–346. Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (1024 K)
[53]. S. Harnad, Symbol grounding problem. In: L. Nadel, D. Chalmers, P. Culicover, B. French and R. Goldstone, Editors, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Macmillan Publishers, London (2002).
[54]. P.J. Hayes, What the frame problem is and isn't. In: Z.W. Pylyshyn, Editor, The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ (1987), pp. 123–137.
[55]. N.K. Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. , University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1999).
[56]. M. Heidegger, Being and Time. , Harper Collins, New York (1962).
[57]. Held and Hein, Adaptation of disarranged hand-eye coordination contingent upon re-afferent stimulation. Perceptial Motor Skills 8 (1958), pp. 87–90. Abstract-PsycINFO | $Order Document
[58]. H. Hendriks-Jansen, Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1996).
[59]. D. Hilditch, At the heart of the world: Merleau–Ponty and the existential phenomenology of embodied and embedded intelligence in everyday coping, PhD Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 1995
[60]. T. Horgan and J. Tienson, Rules. In: W. Bechtel and G. Graham, Editors, A Companion to Cognitive Science, Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1999), pp. 660–670.
[61]. M.N. Hums and M.P. Singh, Cognitive agents. Internet Comput. (November/December 1998), pp. 87–89.
[62]. M. Jeannerod, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Action. , Blackwell, Oxford (1997).
[63]. W.J. Kargo and S.F. Giszter, Rapid correction of aimed movements by summation of force-field primitives. J. Neurosci. 21 1 (2000), pp. 409–426. Abstract-MEDLINE | Abstract-EMBASE | Abstract-Elsevier BIOBASE | $Order Document
[64]. M.P. Kaschack and A.M. Glenberg, The role of affordances and grammatical constructions in sentence comprehension. J. Memory and Language 43 (2000), pp. 508–529.
[65]. J.A.S. Kelso, Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1995).
[66]. J. Kennedy, Swarm Intelligence. , Morgan Kaufmann, New York (2001).
[67]. D. Kirsh and P. Maglio, On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action. Cognitive Sci. 18 (1995), pp. 513–549.
[68]. D. Kirsh, Foundations of AI: The big issues. Artificial Intelligence 47 3 (1991), pp. 3–30. Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (1752 K) | MathSciNet
[69]. D. Kirsh, Today the earwig, tomorrow man. Artificial Intelligence 47 3 (1991), pp. 161–184. Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (1475 K)
[70]. T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (2nd edn. ed.),, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1970).
[71]. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. , University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1980).
[72]. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. , Basic Books, New York (1999).
[73]. G. Lakoff and R.E. Núnez, Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being. , Basic Books, New York (2000).
[74]. C. Langton, Artificial Life: An Overview. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1995).
[75]. J. Lave, Cognition in Practice. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1988).
[76]. D.B. Lenat, From 2001 to 2001: Common sense and the mind of HAL. In: D.G. Stork, Editor, Hal's Legacy: 2001 as Dream and Reality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1998), pp. 193–208.
[77]. H. Levesque and F. Pirri, Logical Foundations for Cognitive Agents. , Springer-Verlag, New York (1999).
[78]. J. McCarthy and P.J. Hayes, Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In: B. Meltzer and D. Michie, Editors, Machine Intelligence 4, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (1969), pp. 463–502.
[79]. R. McClamrock, Existential Cognition. , University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1995).
[80]. D. McDermott, We've been framed: Or, why AI is innocent of the frame problem. In: Z.W. Pylyshyn, Editor, The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ (1987), pp. 113–122.
[81]. M. Merleau-Ponty, The Structure of Behavior. , Duquesne University Press, Philadelphia, PA (1989).
[82]. M. Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception. , Routledge, New York (2002).
[83]. M. Minsky, The Society of Mind. , Simon and Schuster, New York (1986).
[84]. H.P. Moravec, The Stanford Cart and the CMU Rover. Proc. IEEE (1983), pp. 872–884. Abstract-INSPEC | Abstract-Compendex | $Order Document
[85]. A. Newell, Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Sci. 4 (1980), pp. 135–183. Abstract-PsycINFO | $Order Document
[86]. A. Newell and H.A. Simon, Human Problem Solving. , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1972).
[87]. N.J. Nilsson, Shakey the robot, Technical Report 323, Stanford Research Institute AI Center, 1984
[88]. S. Nolfo and D. Floreano, Evolutionary Robotics. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2000).
[89]. T. Oates, Grounding knowledge in sensors: Unsupervised learning for language and planning, PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 2001
[90]. T. Oates, M.L. Anderson, Learning to reason with grounded symbols, in preparation
[91]. M. O'Donovan-Anderson, The Incorporated Self: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Embodiment. , Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD (1996).
[92]. M. O'Donovan-Anderson, Content and Comportment: On Embodiment and the Epistemic Availability of the World. , Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD (1997).
[93]. M. O'Donovan-Anderson, Review of philosophy in the flesh. Rev. Metaphys. (June 2000).
[94]. J.K. O'Regan and A. Noë, A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral Brain Sci. 24 5 (2001).
[95]. K.M. Ford, P.J. Hayes and N. Agnew, On babies and bathwater: A cautionary tale. AI Magazine 15 4 (1994), pp. 14–26.
[96]. D. Perlis, Consciousness as self-function. J. Consciousness Stud. 4 (1997), pp. 509–525. Abstract-PsycINFO | $Order Document
[97]. A. Pessin and S. Goldberg, The Twin Earth Chronicles: Twenty Years of Reflection on Hilary Putnam's ‘The Meaning of Meaning’. , M.E. Sharpe, New York (1996).
[98]. J. Petitot, F.J. Varela, B. Pachoud and J.-M. Roy, Naturalizing Phenomenology. , Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA (2000).
[99]. R. Pfeifer and C. Scheier, Understanding Intelligence. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1999).
[100]. R. Picard, Affective Computing. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1998).
[101]. D. Pitt, Mental representation. In: E.N. Zalta, Editor, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall (2000); (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2000/entries/mental-representation/).
[102]. R. Port and T. van Gelder, Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1995).
[103]. H. Putnam, The meaning of meaning. In: H. Putnam, Editor, Mind, Language, and Reality, Cambridge University Press, London (1975).
[104]. Z.W. Pylyshyn, The frame problem blues: Once more, with feeling. In: K.M. Ford and Z.W. Pylyshyn, Editors, The Robot's Dilemma Revisited: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ (1996), pp. xi–xviii.
[105]. B. Rogoff and J. Laveit, Everyday Cognition: Development in Social Context. , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1999).
[106]. G. Rosenberg, M.L. Anderson, Content and action, in preparation
[107]. C. Sample, Living words: Physiognomy and aesthetic language. In: M. O'Donovan-Anderson, Editor, The Incorporated Self: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Embodiment, Rowman and Littlefield (1996), pp. 113–126.
[108]. M. Sheets-Johnstone, The Roots of Thinking. , Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA (1990).
[109]. H.A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1969).
[110]. B.C. Smith, The owl and the electric encyclopedia. Artificial Intelligence 47 1–3 (1991), pp. 251–288. Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (2474 K) | MathSciNet
[111]. B. Smith, On the Origin of Objects. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1996).
[112]. L. Steels, The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence. Artificial Life 1 (1994), pp. 75–110.
[113]. L. Steels and R. Brooks, The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence: Building Embodied, Situated Agents. , Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1995).
[114]. C. Taylor, Overcoming epistemology. In: BaynesAfter Philosophy: End or Transformation?, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1987).
[115]. M. Thielscher, The qualification problem: A solution to the problem of anomalous models. Artificial Intelligence 131 1–2 (2001), pp. 1–37. Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (284 K)
[116]. E. Thompson, Colour Vision: A Study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. , Routledge, London (1995).
[117]. S. Todes, Body and World. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2001).
[118]. M. Tomasello, The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. , Harvard University Press, New York (2000).
[119]. M. Turner, The Literary Mind. , Oxford University Press, New York (1995).
[120]. M. Turner, The Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science. , Oxford University Press, New York (2001).
[121]. F. Varela, E. Thompson and E. Rosch, The Embodied Mind. , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1991).
[122]. F.J. Varela, Ethical Know How: Action, Wisdom, and Cognition. , Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA (1999).
[123]. A.H. Vera and H.A. Simon, Situated action: A symbolic interpretation. Cognitive Sci. 17 (1993), pp. 7–48. Abstract-INSPEC | Abstract-PsycINFO | $Order Document
[124]. A. von Gontard, K. Zerres, M. Backes, C. Laufersweiler-Plass, C. Wendland, P. Melchers, G. Lehmkuhl and S. Rudnik-Schoneborn, Intelligence and cognitive function in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders 12 (2002), pp. 130–136. Abstract | Full Text + Links | PDF (80 K)
[125]. F.P. Wilson, The Hand. , Random House, New York (1998).
[126]. M. Wrathall and J. Malpas, Editors, Heidgegger, Coping and Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2000).
relation_type: []
relation_uri: []
reportno: ~
rev_number: 12
series: ~
source: ~
status_changed: 2007-09-12 16:54:34
subjects:
- bio-ani-cog
- phil-mind
- comp-sci-art-intel
succeeds: ~
suggestions: ~
sword_depositor: ~
sword_slug: ~
thesistype: ~
title: 'Embodied cognition: A field guide'
type: journalp
userid: 5247
volume: 149