creators_name: Clancey, William J. type: journalp datestamp: 2004-11-29 lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:55:44 metadata_visibility: show title: Participant Observation of a Mars Surface Habitat Mission Simulation ispublished: inpress subjects: behanal subjects: soc-psy full_text_status: public keywords: analog simulation, activity-based analysis, small group behavior, ethnography, habitation abstract: For twelve days in April 2002 we performed a closed simulation in the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah, isolated from other people, while exploring the area and sharing daily chores. Email provided our only means of contact; all mission-related messages were mediated by a remote mission support team. This protocol enabled a systematic and controlled study of crew activities, scheduling, and use of space. The study was primarily a methodological experiment in participant observation and work practice analysis, gathering quantitative data as part of an ethnographic study. The work practice analysis focused on two questions: Where did the time go—why did the crew feel rushed and unable to complete their work? How can we measure productivity, to compare habitat designs, schedules, roles, and tools? Analysis suggests that a simple scheduling change—having lunch and dinner earlier, plus eliminating afternoon meetings—increased the available productive time by 41%. Furthermore, observation of work practices suggested how to eliminate direct use of GPS devices by the crew, illustrating how an ethnographic study can help produce dramatically new operations concepts. date: 2004 date_type: published publication: Habitation refereed: TRUE referencetext: Bannon, L. 1991. From human factors to human actors. In J. Greenbaum and M. Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pps. 25-44. Bernard, H. R. and Killworth, P. D. 1974. Scientists and crew: A case study in communications at sea. Maritime Studies and Management, 2: 112-125. Beyer, H. and Holtzblatt, K. 1998. Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems. San Francisco: Morgan-Kaufmann. Blomberg, Jeanette, Jean Giacomi, Andrea Mosher, and Pat Swenton-Wall. 1993. Ethnographic field methods and their relation to design. In Participatory design: principles and practices, ed. Douglas Schuler and Aki Namioka. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bradley, G. 1989. Computers and the Psychosocial Work Environment. London: Taylor and Francis. Britannica. 1987. “Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth.” Encyclopædia Britannica 15th edition. Vol 5. p. 265. Chicago: University of Chicago. Burrough, B. 1998. Dragonfly: NASA And The Crisis Aboard Mir. New York: HarperCollins. Button, G. & Harper, R. (1996). The relevance of “work-practice” for design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 4, 263-280. Clancey, W. J., Sachs, P., Sierhuis, M., and van Hoof, R. 1998. Brahms: Simulating practice for work systems design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 49: 831-865. Clancey, W. J. 1999. Human Exploration Ethnography of the Haughton-Mars Project 1989-1999. Presented at the Mars Society Annual Meeting. Boulder, CO. In R. Zubrin and F. Crossman, On to Mars: Colonizing a new world, Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, published 2002, CD-ROM. Clancey, W. J. 2000a. Visualizing practical knowledge: The Haughton-Mars Project. (Das Haughton-Mars-Projekt der NASA — Ein Beispiel fur die Visualiserung Praktischen Wissens). In Christa Maar, Ernst Pöppel and Hans Ulrich Obrist (Eds.), Weltwissen - Wissenswelt. Das globale Netz von Text und Bild, pp. 325-341. Cologne: Dumont Verlag. Clancey, W. J. 2000b. A framework for analog studies of Mars surface operations: Using the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station. Presented at the Mars Society Annual Meeting. Toronto. In R. Zubrin and F. Crossman, On to Mars: Colonizing a new world, Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, published 2002, CD-ROM. Clancey, W. J. 2001a. Field science ethnography: Methods for systematic observation on an Arctic expedition. Field Methods, 13(3), 223-243, August. Clancey, W. J. 2001b. Simulating “Mars on Earth”: a report from FMARS Phase 2. Presented at the Mars Society Annual Meeting. Stanford, CA. In R. Zubrin and F. Crossman, On to Mars: Colonizing a new world, Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, published 2002, CD-ROM. Clancey, W. J. 2002b. Simulating activities: Relating motives, deliberation, and attentive coordination. Cognitive Systems Research, 3(3) 471-499. Clancey, W. J. 2003. Principles for integrating Mars analog science, operations, and technology research. Workshop on Analog Sites and Facilities for the Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, May. Clancey, W. J. 2004a. Automating Capcom: Pragmatic Operations and Technology Research for Human Exploration of Mars. In C. Cockell (ed.) Martian Expedition Planning, Vol. 107, AAS Science and Technology Series, pp. 411-430. Clancey, W. J. 2004b. Roles for agent assistants in field science: Understanding personal projects and collaboration. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, Special Issue on Human-Robot Interaction, May 2004, Volume 34, Number 2, pp. 125-137. Clancey, W. J. (in preparation). Observation in Natural Settings. To appear in R. Hoffman (ed.) Cambridge Handbook on Expertise and Expert Performance, Part III: “Methods for Studying the Structure of Expertise.” New York: Cambridge University Press. Clancey, W.J, Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Crawford, S., Dowding, J., Graham, J., Kaskiris, C., Tyree, K. S., and vanHoof, R. 2004a. Mobile Agents: A Distributed Voice-Commanded Sensory and Robotic System for Surface EVA Assistance. In R. B. Malla and A. Maji (eds), Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments: Earth and Space 2004, Houston: ASCE. pp. 85-92. Clancey, W.J, Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Crawford, S., Dowding, J., Graham, J., Kaskiris, C., Tyree, K. S., and vanHoof, R. 2004b. The Mobile Agents Integrated Field Test: The Mars Desert Research Station April 2003. Proc. FLAIRS-2004. CD-ROM. Clancey, W.J, Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Dowding, J., Garry, B., Graham, J., Rupert, S., Semple, A., Tyree, K. S., and vanHoof, R. 2004c. The Mobile Agents 2004 Field Test at MDRS: Fitting Robot Capabilities to Human Activities. Mars Society Annual Meeting, abstract, August. Cohen, M. M. 1985. Human factors in space station architecture I: Space station program implications for human factors research. NASA Technical Memorandum No. 86702. Cohen, M. M. 1997. Human engineering for SOFIA. Presented at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics World Aviation Congress, Anaheim, October. SAE International Publications No. 975632. Compton, W. D. and Benson, C. D. 1983. Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab. NASA History Series. Special Publication No. SP-4208. URL: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/sp4208.htm Connolly, J. F. 1999. Mars design example. In J. Larson and L. K. Pranke (eds.) Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 981-1002. Connors, M.M., Harrison, A. A., and Akins, F. R. 1985. Living Aloft: Human Requirements for Extended Spaceflight. NASA SP-483. URL: http://www.jamesoberg.com/links/links.html. Ehn, P. 1988. Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts, Stockholm: Arbeslivscentrum. Greenbaum, J., and Kyng, M. (eds.) 1991. Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Floyd, C. 1987. Outline of a paradigm shift in software engineering, in Bjerknes, et al., (eds.) Computers and Democracy—A Scandinavian Challenge, p. 197. Harrison, A., Clearwater, Y., and McKay, C. 1991. From Antarctica to Outer Space: Life in Isolation and Confinement. New York: Springer-Verlag. Hoffman, S. J., and Kaplan, D. I. (eds.) 1997. Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team. NASA Special Publication 6107. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. (Addendum, Reference Mission Version 3.0, June 1998, EX13-98-036.) Johnson, A. and Sackett, R. 1998. Direct systematic observation of behavior. In H. R. Bernard, (ed.) Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, pp. 301-331. Walnut Creek: Altamira. Jordan, B. 1994. Ethnographic workplace studies and computer supported cooperative work. Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology, Schärding, Austria, June 1-3, 1993. Amsterdam: North Holland. Kanas, N. 2002. Psychosocial and psychiatric issues of space, Journal of Gravitational Physiology, 9(1) 307-310. Larson, W. J. and Balogh, W. 1999. Designing human space missions. In J. Larson and L. K. Pranke (eds.) Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 17-52. Larson, W. J. and Pranke, L. K. (eds.) 1999. Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill. Leninger, J. M. 2000. Off the Planet: Surviving five perilous months aboard the space station Mir. New York: McGraw-Hill. Luff, P., Hindmarsh, J., and Heath, C. (eds.) 2000. Workplace studies: recovering work practice and informing system design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project 1997. http://advlifesupport.jsc.nasa.gov/lmlstp.html. Malone, T. 2004. The Future of Work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Perrow, C. 1999. Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Persaud, R. 2004. A Systematic Approach to Investigations at Mars Analog Research Stations. In C. Cockell (ed.) Martian Expedition Planning, Vol. 107, AAS Science and Technology Series, pp. 103-122. Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday. Sierhuis, M. 2001. Modeling and simulating work practice. Ph.D. thesis, Social Science and Informatics (SWI), University of Amsterdam, SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2001-10, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ISBN 90-6464-849-2. Sklar, S. 2004. A field methodology approach for collaborative crew and RST data analysis. Presented at the Mars Society Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL. Spradley, J. P. 1980. Participant observation. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Stuster, J. 1996. Bold endeavors: Lessons from polar and space exploration. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. Todd, B. and Reagan, M. 2004. The NEEMO Project: A report on how NASA utilizes the “Aquarius” undersea habitat as an analog for long-duration space flight. In R. B. Malla and A. Maji (eds), Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments: Earth and Space 2004, Houston: ASCE. pp. 751-758. Vicente, K. J. 1999. Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. Mahwah, NJ: LEA. Woolford, B., Bond, R. L., 1999. Human factors of crewed spaceflight. In W. J. Larson and L. K. Pranke (eds.) Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 133-153. Zuboff, S. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The future of work and power. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Zubrin, R. (with Richard Wagner). 1996. The Case for Mars: The Plan to settle the red planet and why we must. NY: The Free Press. Zubrin, R. 2003. Mars on Earth: The adventures of space pioneers in the High Arctic. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher. Zubrin R. and Crossman, F. 2002. On to Mars: Colonizing a new world. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books. CD-ROM. citation: Clancey, William J. (2004) Participant Observation of a Mars Surface Habitat Mission Simulation. [Journal (Paginated)] (In Press) document_url: http://cogprints.org/3967/1/Habitation04Clancey.pdf