?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Sensors+for+Rate+Responsive+Pacing%0A%0A&rft.creator=Dell%E2%80%99Orto%2C+Simonetta&rft.creator=Valli%2C+Paolo&rft.creator=Greco%2C+Enrico+Maria&rft.subject=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Journal&rft.description=Advances+in+pacemaker+technology+in+the+1980s+have+generated+a+wide+variety+of+complex+multiprogrammable+pacemakers+and+pacing+modes.+The+aim+of+the+present+review+is+to+address+the+different+rate+responsive+pacing+modalities+presently+available+in+respect+to+physiological+situations+and+pathological+conditions.+Rate+adaptive+pacing+has+been+shown+to+improve+exercise+capacity+in+patients+with+chronotropic+incompetence.+A+number+of+activity+and+metabolic+sensors+have+been+proposed+and+used+for+rate+control.+However%2C+all+sensors+used+to+optimize+pacing+rate+metabolic+demands+show+typical+limitations.+To+overcome+these+weaknesses+the+use+of+two+sensors+has+been+proposed.+Indeed+an+unspecific+but+fast+reacting+sensor+is+combined+with+a+more+specific+but+slower+metabolic+one.+Clinical+studies+have+demonstrated+that+this+methodology+is+suitable+to+reproduce+normal+sinus+behavior+during+different+types+and+loads+of+exercise.+Sensor+combinations+require+adequate+sensor+blending+and+cross+checking+possibly+controlled+by+automatic+algorithms+for+sensors+optimization+and+simplicity+of+programming.+Assessment+and+possibly+deactivation+of+some+automatic+functions+should+be+also+possible+to+maximize+benefits+from+the+dual+sensor+system+in+particular+conditions.+This+is+of+special+relevance+in+patient+whose+myocardial+contractility+is+limited+such+as+in+subjects+with+implantable+defibrillators+and+biventricular+pacemakers.+The+concept+of+closed+loop+pacing%2C+implementing+a+negative+feedback+relating+pacing+rate+and+the+control+signal%2C+will+provide+new+opportunities+to+optimize+dual-sensors+system+and+deserves+further+investigation.+The+integration+of+rate+adaptive+pacing+into+defibrillators+is+the+natural+consequence+of+technical+evolution.%0A&rft.publisher=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Group&rft.contributor=Singh%2C+Balbir&rft.contributor=Lokhandwala%2C+Yash&rft.contributor=Francis%2C+Johnson&rft.contributor=Gupta%2C+Anup&rft.date=2004-07&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4194%2F1%2Fgreco.htm&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4194%2F2%2Fgreco.pdf&rft.identifier=++Dell%E2%80%99Orto%2C+Simonetta+and+Valli%2C+Paolo+and+Greco%2C+Enrico+Maria++(2004)+Sensors+for+Rate+Responsive+Pacing.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4194%2F