?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Cardiac+Mapping%3A+Utility+or+Futility%3F%0A&rft.creator=Gupta%2C+Anoop+Kumar&rft.creator=Maheshwari%2C+Alok&rft.creator=Thakur%2C+Ranjan&rft.creator=Lokhandwala%2C+Yash+Y.&rft.subject=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Journal&rft.description=+Cardiac+mapping+is+a+broad+term+that+covers+several+modes+of+mapping+such+as+body+surface%2C1+endocardial%2C2+and+epicardial3+mapping.+The+recording+and+analysis+of+extracellular+electrograms%2C+reported+as+early+as+1915%2C+forms+the+basis+for+cardiac+mapping.4+More+commonly%2C+cardiac+mapping+is+performed+with+catheters+that+are+introduced+percutaneously+into+the+heart+chambers+and+sequentially+record+the+endocardial+electrograms+with+the+purpose+of+correlating+local+electrogram+to+cardiac+anatomy.+These+electrophysiological+catheters+are+navigated+and+localized+with+the+use+of+fluoroscopy.+Nevertheless%2C+the+use+of+fluoroscopy+for+these+purposes+may+be+problematic+for+a+number+of+reasons%2C+including%3A+1)+the+inability+to+accurately+associate+intracardiac+electrograms+with+their+precise+location+within+the+heart%3B+2)+the+endocardial+surface+is+invisible+using+fluoroscopy+and+the+target+sites+can+only+be+approximated+by+their+relationship+with+nearby+structures+such+as+ribs%2C+blood+vessels%2C+and+the+position+of+other+catheters%3B+3)+due+to+the+limitations+of+two-dimensional+fluoroscopy%2C+navigation+is+not+exact%2C+time+consuming%2C+and+requires+multiple+views+to+estimate+the+three-dimensional+location+of+the+catheter%3B+4)+inability+to+accurately+return+the+catheter+precisely+to+a+previously+mapped+site%3B+and+5)+exposure+of+the+patient+and+medical+team+to+radiation.+%0A&rft.publisher=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Group&rft.contributor=Singh%2C+Balbir&rft.contributor=Lokhandwala%2C+Yash&rft.contributor=Francis%2C+Johnson&rft.contributor=Gupta%2C+Anup&rft.date=2002-01&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4324%2F1%2Fanoop2.htm&rft.identifier=++Gupta%2C+Anoop+Kumar+and+Maheshwari%2C+Alok+and+Thakur%2C+Ranjan+and+Lokhandwala%2C+Yash+Y.++(2002)+Cardiac+Mapping%3A+Utility+or+Futility%3F++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4324%2F