---
abstract: "Genetically engineered pacemakers could be a possible alternative to implantable electronic devices for the treatment of bradyarrhythmias. The strategies include upregulation of beta adrenergic receptors, conversion of myocytes into pacemaker cells and stem cell therapy. Pacemaker activity in adult ventricular myocytes is normally repressed by the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). The IK1 current is encoded by the Kir2 gene family. Use of a negative construct that suppresses current when expressed with wild-type Kir2.1 is an experimental approach for genesis of genetic pacemaker. hyperpolarisation activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels which generate If current, the pacemaker current of heart can be delivered to heart by using stem cell therapy approach and viral vectors. The unresolved issues include longevity and stability of pacemaker genes, limitations involved in adenoviral and stem cell therapy and creation of genetic pacemakers which can compete with the electronic units.\n"
altloc:
  - http://www.ipej.org/0601/rajesh.htm
chapter: ~
commentary: ~
commref: ~
confdates: ~
conference: ~
confloc: ~
contact_email: ~
creators_id: []
creators_name:
  - family: G
    given: Rajesh
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
  - family: Francis
    given: Johnson
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
date: 2005-01
date_type: published
datestamp: 2006-01-06
department: ~
dir: disk0/00/00/45/99
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editors_id: []
editors_name:
  - family: Singh
    given: Balbir
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
  - family: Lokhandwala
    given: Yash
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
  - family: Francis
    given: Johnson
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
  - family: Gupta
    given: Anup
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
eprint_status: archive
eprintid: 4599
fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/text_html.png;/4599/1/rajesh.htm|/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/4599/2/rajesh.pdf
full_text_status: public
importid: ~
institution: ~
isbn: ~
ispublished: pub
issn: ~
item_issues_comment: []
item_issues_count: 0
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item_issues_id: []
item_issues_reported_by: []
item_issues_resolved_by: []
item_issues_status: []
item_issues_timestamp: []
item_issues_type: []
keywords: 'Gene therapy, Pacemaker current, HCN channels'
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:56:13
latitude: ~
longitude: ~
metadata_visibility: show
note: ~
number: 1
pagerange: 1-5
pubdom: TRUE
publication: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal
publisher: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Group
refereed: TRUE
referencetext: |
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relation_type: []
relation_uri: []
reportno: ~
rev_number: 14
series: ~
source: ~
status_changed: 2007-09-12 17:01:08
subjects:
  - ipej
succeeds: ~
suggestions: ~
sword_depositor: ~
sword_slug: ~
thesistype: ~
title: Biological Pacemakers
type: journalp
userid: 4424
volume: 6
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