creators_name: Ayabakan, Canan creators_name: Rosenthal, Eric editors_name: Singh, Balbir editors_name: Lokhandwala, Yash editors_name: Francis, Johnson editors_name: Gupta, Anup editors_name: Ghosh, Joydeep type: journalp datestamp: 2006-04-01 lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:56:19 metadata_visibility: show title: Endocardial Pacemaker Implantation in Neonates and Infants ispublished: pub subjects: ipej full_text_status: public keywords: Pacemaker; Endocardial pacing; Epicardial pacing; Lead extraction abstract: Transvenous pacemaker lead implantation is the preferred method of pacing in adult patients. Lead performance and longevity are superior and the implantation approach can be performed under local anaesthetic with a very low morbidity. In children, and especially in neonates and infants, the epicardial route was traditionally chosen until the advent of smaller generators and lead implantation techniques that allowed growth of the child without lead displacement. Endocardial implantation is not universally accepted, however, as there is an incidence of venous occlusion of the smaller veins of neonates and infants with concerns for loss of venous access in the future. Growing experience with lower profile leads, however, reveals that endocardial pacing too can be performed with low morbidity and good long-term results in neonates and infants. date: 2006-04 date_type: published publication: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal volume: 6 number: 2 publisher: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Group pagerange: 57-62 refereed: TRUE referencetext: 1. Beauford-Krol GCM, Mulder H, Nagelkerke D, et al. Comparison of longevity, pacing and sensing characteristics of steroid eluting epicardial versus conventional endocardial pacing leads in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117: 523-528. 2. Kugler JD, Danford DA. Pacemakers in children: an update. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 665-9.90. 3. Serwer GA. 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Janousek J, Tomek V, Chaloupecky V, et al.: Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with dual-chamber pacing in infants: improvement through either left ventricular cardiac resynchronization or programming the pacemaker off allowing intrinsic normal conduction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004, 15:470–474. citation: Ayabakan, Canan and Rosenthal, Eric (2006) Endocardial Pacemaker Implantation in Neonates and Infants. [Journal (Paginated)] document_url: http://cogprints.org/4689/1/rosenthal.htm document_url: http://cogprints.org/4689/2/rosenthal.pdf