---
abstract: 'In studies of both animal and human behaviour, game theory is used as a tool for understanding strategies that appear in interactions between individuals. Game theory focuses on adaptive behaviour, which can be attained only at evolutionary equilibrium. Here we suggest that behaviour appearing during interactions is often outside the scope of such analysis. In many types of interaction, conflicts of interest exist between players, fueling the evolution of manipulative strategies. Such strategies evolve out of equilibrium, commonly appearing as spectacular morphology or behaviour with obscure meaning, to which other players may react in non-adaptive, irrational way approach, and outline the conditions in which evolutionary equilibria cannot be maintained. Evidence from studies of biological interactions seems to support the view that behaviour is often not at equilibrium. This also appears to be the case for many human cultural traits, which have spread rapidly despite the fact that they have a negative influence on reproduction.'
altloc: []
chapter: ~
commentary: ~
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confloc: ~
contact_email: ~
creators_id: []
creators_name:
- family: Enquist
given: Magnus
honourific: ''
lineage: ''
- family: Arak
given: Anthony
honourific: ''
lineage: ''
- family: Ghirlanda
given: Stefano
honourific: ''
lineage: ''
- family: Wachtmeister
given: Carl-Adam
honourific: ''
lineage: ''
date: 2002
date_type: published
datestamp: 2006-12-08
department: ~
dir: disk0/00/00/52/77
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editors_id: []
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eprint_status: archive
eprintid: 5277
fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/5277/1/enquist_arak_ghirlanda_wachtmeister2002.pdf
full_text_status: public
importid: ~
institution: ~
isbn: ~
ispublished: pub
issn: ~
item_issues_comment: []
item_issues_count: 0
item_issues_description: []
item_issues_id: []
item_issues_reported_by: []
item_issues_resolved_by: []
item_issues_status: []
item_issues_timestamp: []
item_issues_type: []
keywords: 'rationality, genetic evolution, cultural evolution, ritualization'
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:56:43
latitude: ~
longitude: ~
metadata_visibility: show
note: ~
number: ~
pagerange: 1585-1594
pubdom: FALSE
publication: Transactions of the Royal Society
publisher: ~
refereed: TRUE
referencetext: ~
relation_type: []
relation_uri: []
reportno: ~
rev_number: 12
series: ~
source: ~
status_changed: 2007-09-12 17:08:38
subjects:
- bio-etho
- bio-ani-cog
- bio-socio
- bio-evo
- comp-sci-neural-nets
- bio-theory
- bio-ani-behav
succeeds: ~
suggestions: ~
sword_depositor: ~
sword_slug: ~
thesistype: ~
title: Spectacular pehnomena and limits to rationality in genetic and cultural evolution
type: journalp
userid: 6801
volume: B357