?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Chickens+First%0D%0A%0D%0ASpeciation+by+%E2%80%9CHopeful+Monsters%E2%80%9D+in+Fraternal+Supertwins%0D%0A&rft.creator=Zhang%2C+Dr.+Jianyi&rft.subject=Evolution&rft.description=The+idea+of+%E2%80%9Chopeful+monster%E2%80%9D+was+proposed+by+Goldschmidt+who+envisioned+that+speciation+could+occur+instantaneously+via+major+chromosomal+rearrangement+in+a+one-step+process%3B+but+he+could+not+unravel+how+similar+individual+in+the+opposite+sex+to+appear+on+the+same+time+and+location+to+generate+next+generation.+This+paper+provides+the+answer+for+the+challenge.+%0D%0AIn+this+paper%2C+a+model+of+speciation+in+animals+is+discussed+in+detail.+Only+four+steps+are+needed+to+generate+a+new+species+in+sexual+animals%3A+fraternal+twin+zygotes%2C+similar+gross+mutation+on+the+zygotes%2C+self-splitting+of+mutated+zygotes+into+two+groups+of+identical+zygotes+of+both+sexes%2C+development+of+zygotes+with+birth+of+babies%2C+and+inbreeding+when+they+mature.+The+outcome+of+these+steps+is+generation+of+new+species+with+chromosomal+homozygosity.+Viviparous+animals+(living+young+not+eggs+are+produced)+are+used+to+explain+the+model.+With+slight+modifications%2C+other+asexual+organisms+could+be+accommodated.+%0D%0A%09As+the+model+provides+the+simplest+explanation+for+speciation+in+all+sexual+animals%2C+which+plausibly+explains+many+puzzles+in+biology%3B+such+as+chicken+egg%2C+Cambrian+explosion%2C+appearance+of+new+organs%2C+etc.+The+author+presents+a+few+predictions+that+can+be+falsified.+%0D%0A%09This+model+needs+only+one+assumption+and+it+is+consistent+with+many+well-known+observations.++%0D%0A&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.type=Preprint&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5950%2F1%2FFinal-Supertwins.pdf&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5950%2F2%2FSupertwins.ppt&rft.identifier=++Zhang%2C+Dr.+Jianyi++(2008)+Chickens+First+Speciation+by+%E2%80%9CHopeful+Monsters%E2%80%9D+in+Fraternal+Supertwins.++%5BPreprint%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5950%2F