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abstract: 'Universal Grammar (UG) is a complicated set of grammatical rules that underlies our grammatical capacity. We all follow the rules of UG, but we were never taught them, and we could not have learned them from trial and error experience either (not enough data, or time). So UG must be inborn. But for similar reasons, it seems implausible that UG was “learned” by trial and error evolution either: What was the variation and competition? And what were UG’s adaptive advantages? So this leaves the hard problem of explaining where our brain’s UG capacity came from. Christiansen & Chater (C&C) suggest an answer: Language is an organism, like us, and our brains were not selected for UG capacity; rather, languages were selected for learnability with minimal trial and error experience by our brains. This explanation is circular: Where did our brains’ selective capacity to learn all and only UG-compliant languages come from? Chomsky suggests it might be a combination of optimality and logical necessity.'
altloc: []
chapter: ~
commentary: ~
commref: 'Christiansen, Morten H. and Chater, Nick (2008) "Language as Shaped by the Brain" Behavioral and Brain Sciences (forthcoming)  http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Christiansen-12292006/ '
confdates: ~
conference: ~
confloc: ~
contact_email: ~
creators_id:
  - nielsseh@hotmail.com
creators_name:
  - family: Harnad
    given: Stevan
    honourific: ''
    lineage: ''
date: 2008-04-01
date_type: submitted
datestamp: 2008-04-07 21:06:26
department: ~
dir: disk0/00/00/60/08
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keywords: 'evolution, language, universal grammar, chomsky, poverty of the stimulus, learnability, adapative advantage'
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:57:06
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publication: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
publisher: Cambridge University Press
refereed: FALSE
referencetext: "Cangelosi, A. & Harnad, S. (2001) The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft Over Sensorimotor Toil:Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories. Evolution of Communication 4(1) 117-142 http://cogprints.org/2036/ \r\n\r\nChomsky, N. (2005): Some Simple Evo-Devo Theses: How True Might They Be For Language? Alice V. and David H. Morris Symposium on Language and Communication; The Evolution of Language. Stony Brook University, New York, USA (October 14 2005)\r\nhttp://www.linguistics.stonybrook.edu/events/nyct05/abstracts/Chomsky.pdf\r\n\r\nHarnad, Stevan (1976) Induction, evolution and accountability, In: Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech (Harnad, Stevan, Steklis , Horst Dieter and Lancaster, Jane B., Eds.), 58-60. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. http://cogprints.org/0863\r\n\r\nHarnad, S. (2005) To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is Categorization, in Lefebvre, C. and Cohen, H., Eds. Handbook of Categorization. Elsevier.  http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11725/\r\n\r\nHarnad, S. (2007) From Knowing How To Knowing That: Acquiring Categories By Word of Mouth. Presented at Kaziemierz Naturalized Epistemology Workshop (KNEW), Kaziemierz, Poland, 2 September 2007. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/14517/ \r\n\r\nPinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural language and natural selection. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 13:707–27. http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints\r\n"
relation_type: []
relation_uri: []
reportno: ~
rev_number: 53
series: ~
source: ~
status_changed: 2008-04-27 16:32:30
subjects:
  - ling-syntax
  - bio-evo
  - evol-psy
succeeds: ~
suggestions: ~
sword_depositor: ~
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thesistype: ~
title: Why and How the Problem of the Evolution of Universal Grammar (UG) is Hard
type: journale
userid: 63
volume: ~
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