?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=The+biopsychology+of+maternal+behavior+in+nonhuman+mammals+&rft.creator=Kristal%2C+Dr.+Mark+B.&rft.subject=Behavioral+Biology&rft.subject=Neuroendocrinology&rft.subject=Psychobiology&rft.subject=Physiological+Psychology&rft.subject=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.subject=Animal+Behavior&rft.subject=Comparative+Psychology&rft.subject=Neurochemistry&rft.description=The+term+%E2%80%9Cmaternal+behavior%2C%E2%80%9D+when+applied+to+nonhuman+mammals%2C+includes+the+behaviors+exhibited+in+preparation+for+the+arrival+of+newborn%2C+in+the+care+and+protection+of+the+newly+arrived+young%2C+and+in+the+weaning+of+those+young%2C+and+represents+a+complex+predictable+pattern+that+is+often+regarded+as+a+single%2C+comprehensive%2C+species-specific+phenomenon.+Although+the+delivering+first-time+mammalian+mother+is+immediately+and+appropriately+maternal%2C+a+maternal+%E2%80%9Cvirgin%E2%80%9D+with+no+prior+exposure+to+young+does+not+show+immediate+and+appropriate+behavior+toward+foster+young.+Nevertheless%2C+the+virgin+female%2C+and+indeed+the+male%2C+possess+the+neural+circuitry+that+underlies+the+pattern+referred+to+as+maternal+behavior%2C+despite+not+exhibiting+the+pattern+under+normal+circumstances.+At+parturition%2C+or+after+extensive+exposure+to+young%2C+what+emerges+appears+to+be+a+single+stereotyped+maternal+behavior+pattern.+However%2C+it+is+actually+a+smoothly+coordinated+constellation+of+simpler+actions+with+proximate+causes+that%2C+when+sequenced+properly%2C+have+the+appearance+of+a+motivated%2C+purposive%2C+adaptive%2C+pattern+of+caretaking.+Over+the+past+50+years%2C+much+research+has+focused+on+finding+the+principal+external+and+internal+factors+that+convert+the+nonmaternal+behavior+patterns+of+the+nonpregnant+nullipara%2C+the+virgin%2C+to+the+almost+immediate+and+intense+maternal+behavior+characteristic+of+the+puerpera%2C+the+mother.+This+review+is+an+attempt+to+summarize+the+many+comprehensive%2C+even+encyclopedic%2C+reviews+of+these+factors%2C+with+an+emphasis+on+brain+mechanisms%2C+and+to+highlight+the+gaps+that+remain+in+understanding+the+processes+involved+in+the+almost+immediate+onset+of+maternal+caretaking+behaviors+observed+in+mammals+at+delivery.+Where+possible%2C+the+reader+is+directed+to+some+of+those+excellent+reviews.&rft.publisher=National+Research+Council+of+the+National+Academies&rft.date=1990&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F6323%2F1%2Fmaternal.pdf&rft.identifier=++Kristal%2C+Dr.+Mark+B.++(1990)+The+biopsychology+of+maternal+behavior+in+nonhuman+mammals.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F6323%2F