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--- abstract: 'This is a prepublication version of the final chapter from the Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. In it I re-examine the basic conditions required for a study of conscious experiences in the light of progress made in recent years in the field of consciousness studies. I argue that neither dualist nor reductionist assumptions about subjectivity versus objectivity and the privacy of experience versus the public nature of scientific observations allow an adequate understanding of how studies of consciousness actually proceed. The chapter examines the sense in which the experimenter is also a subject, the sense in which all experienced phenomena are private and subjective, the different senses in which a phenomenon can nevertheless be public and observations of it objective, and the conditions for intra-subjective and intersubjective repeatability. The chapter goes on to re-examine the empirical method and how methods used in psychology differ from those used in physics. I argue that a reflexive understanding of these relationships supports a form of “critical phenomenology” that fits consciousness studies smoothly into science. ' altloc: [] chapter: 55 commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: [] creators_name: - family: Velmans given: Max honourific: Prof lineage: '' date: 2007 date_type: published datestamp: 2009-06-10 07:58:46 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/64/51 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: ~ edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: - family: Velmans given: Max honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Schneider given: Susan honourific: '' lineage: '' eprint_status: archive eprintid: 6451 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/6451/1/Velmans_epistemology_chapter_for_Blackwell.pdf full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: 'epistemology, consciousness, subjectivity, intersubjectivity, objectivity, public, private, phenomenology, psychology, physics, empirical method, repeatability' lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:57:21 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: ~ pagerange: 711-725 pubdom: TRUE publication: The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness publisher: Blackwell refereed: TRUE referencetext: "Bridgman, P.W. (1936) The Nature of Physical Theory, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. \r\n\r\nDennett, D. (2003) Who’s on first? Heterophenomenology explained. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(9-10), 10-30. \r\n\r\nDenzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.) (2000) Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\nJack, A and Roepstorff, A. (eds.) ( 2003) Trusting the Subject? Volume 1: The Use of Introspective Evidence in Cognitive Science, Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic \r\nJack, A and Roepstorff, A. (eds.) ( 2004) Trusting the Subject? Volume 2: The Use of Introspective Evidence in Cognitive Science, Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic \r\n\r\nPopper, K.R. (1972) Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach, Oxford: Clarendon.\r\n\r\nSearle, J. (1997) The Mystery of Consciousness, London: Granta Books.\r\n\r\nVarela, F. and Shear, J. (1999) First person approaches to the study of consciousness. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic \r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1990) Consciousness, brain, and the physical world. Philosophical Psychology, 3, 77-99.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1991a) Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14(4), 651-669.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1991b) Consciousness from a first-person perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14(4), 702-726.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1993) A Reflexive Science of consciousness. In Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness, CIBA Foundation Symposium 174, Wiley, Chichester, pp 81-99.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1998) Goodbye to reductionism. In S.Hameroff, A.Kaszniak & A.Scott (eds) Towards a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates, MIT Press, pp 45-52.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (1999) Intersubjective science. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2/3), 299-306.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (2000a) (ed.) Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness: New Methodologies and Maps, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp381.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (2000b) Understanding Consciousness, London: Routledge, Psychology Press, pp308. \r\n\r\nVelmans, M (2001) Heterophenomenology versus critical phenomenology: A dialogue with Dan Dennett. On-line debate at http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/17/95 /index.html.\r\n\r\nVelmans, M. (2006) Heterophenomenology versus critical phenomenology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences (in press).\r\n\r\nWatson, J. B. (1913) Psychology as the behaviorist views it, The Psychological Review XX: 158-177.\r\n" relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 27 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2009-06-10 07:58:46 subjects: - phil-mind - phil-sci - phil-epist - percep-cog-psy - psy-phys succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: 'AN EPISTEMOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS ' type: bookchapter userid: 156 volume: ~