--- abstract: 'Objective: This study was done to establish the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the young adult (18-25 years) Malaysian Indian. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of convenient samples of 100 healthy volunteers, with equal number of female and male subjects who had no history of mixed racial-parentage. Twenty-two linear measurements were taken twice from 28 landmarks over six craniofacial regions. The methodology and evaluation of indices of the craniofacial region was adapted from Hajnis et al. Results: The minimum measurements are always contributed by the female Indian except for the nose height (n-sn), (left) eye fissure length (ex-en), upper vermillion height (ls-sto), and lower vermillion height (sto-li). There is a gender difference in all the measurements except the (left) eye fissure height (independent t-test; P {\ensuremath{<}} 0.05). The Malaysian Indians exhibit some North American White Caucasian (NAWC) features in all regions. The cephalic index indicates a brachycephalic or relatively short wide head with a tendency towards mesocephaly. From the low nasal index, the Malaysian Indian female have a nose that is narrow or leptorrhin similar to the NAWCs. The lower value of the upper lip height to mouth width index in the Indian female indicates a relatively shorter upper lip height compared to the mouth width, also similar to the NAWC. Conclusion: This study establishes the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the Malaysian Indian over 22 parameters. Male in general has a significantly higher measurement than female. The Malaysian Indians do exhibit some NAWC features.' altloc: [] chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: - ngeowy@um.edu.my - ~ creators_name: - family: Ngeow given: W.C. honourific: Dr. lineage: '' - family: Aljunid given: S.T. honourific: '' lineage: '' date: 2009-07 date_type: published datestamp: 2012-04-25 13:00:29 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/81/87 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: 0 edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: [] eprint_status: archive eprintid: 8187 fileinfo: application/pdf;http://cogprints.org/8187/1/Craniofacial%20anthropometric%20norms%20of%20Malaysian%20Indians.pdf full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: ~ item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: Asia; Craniofacial Anthropometry; Ethnic; Malaysian Indians; Measurement; Adolescent; Adult; Article; Asian; Caucasian; Cephalometry; Face; Female; Histology; Human; Malaysia; Male; Maxillofacial; Development; Reference Value; Standard; Statistics; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Reference Values; Young Adult lastmod: 2012-04-25 13:00:29 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: 'Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 7 March 2012 Source: Scopus PubMed ID: 19884715 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Ngeow, W. C.; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur - 50603, Malaysia; email: ngeowy@um.edu.my References: Kolar, J.C., Salter, E.M., Craniofacial anthropometry: Practical measurement of the head and face for clinical surgical and research use (1997) Illinois: Charles C Thomas; Argyropoulos, E., Sassouni, V., Comparison of the dentofacial patterns for native Greek and American-Caucasian adolescents (1989) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 95, pp. 238-249; Farkas, L.G., (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, , 2nd ed. New York; Raven Press; Sindhu, K.S., The Coming of the Indians to Malaysia, , Indian communities in South East Asia. Sindhu KS, Mani A, editor. Chapter; Singapore: ISEAS Publishing; 1993 p. 151-18Agnihotri, G., Singh, D., Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants (2007) Iran J Pediatr, 17, pp. 332-338; Shah, M., Verma, I.C., Mahadevan, S., Puri, R.K., Facial anthropometry in newborns in Pondicherry (1991) Indian J Paediatr, 25, pp. 259-263; Farkas, L.G., Katic, M.J., Forrest, C.R., Alt, K.W., Bagic, I., Baltadjiev, G., International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races (2005) J Craniofac Surg, 16, pp. 615-646; Khandekar, B., Srinivasan, S., Mokal, N., Thatte, M.R., Anthropometric analysis of lip-nose complex in Indian population (2005) Indian J Plast Surg, 38, pp. 128-131; Prasad, N.N., Reddy, D., Anthropometry: Lip-nose complex (2001) Indian J Plast Surg, 34, pp. 3-8; Purkait, R., Singh, P., Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: A study of adult Indian men (2007) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 31, pp. 372-379; Sharma, A., Sidhu, N.K., Sharma, M.K., Kapoor, K., Singh, B., Morphometric study of ear lobule in northwest Indian male subjects (2007) Anat Sci Int, 82, pp. 98-104; Gupta, V.P., Sodhi, P.K., Pandey, R.M., Normal values for inner intercanthal, interpupillary, and outer intercanthal distances in the Indian population (2003) Int J Clin Pract, 57, pp. 25-29; Kunjur, J., Sabesan, T., Ilankovan, V., Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: An inter-racial study (2006) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 44, pp. 89-93; Verma, K.C., Puri, V., Sharma, T.C., Anthropometric study of inner canthal, interpupillary and outer orbital dimensions-range of normal (1978) Indian Pediatr, 15, pp. 349-352; Hajnis, K., Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C.K., Lee, S.T., Venkatadri, G., Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, pp. 201-218. , Farkas LG, editor. New York: Raven Press; Richardson, E.R., Racial differences in dimesional traits of the human face (1980) Angle Orthod, 50, pp. 301-311; Sforza, C., Laino, A., Dalessio, R., Grandi, G., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women (2007) Prog Orthod, 8, pp. 282-293; Sforza, C., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Ferrario, V.F., Morphometry of the ear in Downs syndrome subjects. A three-dimensional computerized assessment (2005) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 34, pp. 480-486; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Colombo, A., Schmitz, J.H., Serrao, G., Morphometry of the orbital region: A soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (2001) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108 (2), pp. 285-292; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Schmitz, J.H., Ciusa, V., Colombo, A., Normal growth and development of the lips: A 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model (2000) J Anat, 196, pp. 415-423; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Serrao, G., A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults (2000) Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 37, pp. 48-54; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Ciusa, V., Serrao, G., Tartaglia, G.M., Morphometry of the normal human ear: A cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (1999) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 19, pp. 226-233; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Poggio, C.E., Schmitz, J.H., Craniofacial growth: A three-dimensional soft-tissue study from 6 years to adulthood (1998) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 18, pp. 138-149; Bozkir, M.G., Karakas, P., Oguz, O., Vertical and horizontal neoclassical canons in Turkish young adults (2004) Surg Radiol Anat, 26, pp. 212-219; Osuobeni, E.P., Al-Musa, K.A., Gender differences in interpupillary distance among Arabs (1993) Optom Vis Sci, 70, pp. 1027-1030; Jahanshahi, M., Golalipour, M.J., Heidari, K., The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran (2008) Singapore Med J, 49, pp. 940-943; Zhang, X.T., Wang, S.K., Zhang, W., Wang, X.F., Measurement and study of the nose and face and their correlations in the young adult of Han nationality (1990) Plast Reconstr Surg, 85, pp. 532-536; Le Tt Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C., Levin, L.S., Forrest, C.R., Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria (2002) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 26, pp. 64-69; Yaacob, H., Nambiar, P., Naidu, M.D., Racial characteristics of human teeth with special emphasis on the Mongoloid dentition (1996) Malaysian J Pathol, 18, pp. 1-7' number: 3 pagerange: 313-319 pubdom: TRUE publication: Indian Journal of Dental Research publisher: ~ refereed: TRUE referencetext: 'Kolar, J.C., Salter, E.M., Craniofacial anthropometry: Practical measurement of the head and face for clinical surgical and research use (1997) Illinois: Charles C Thomas; Argyropoulos, E., Sassouni, V., Comparison of the dentofacial patterns for native Greek and American-Caucasian adolescents (1989) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 95, pp. 238-249; Farkas, L.G., (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, , 2nd ed. New York; Raven Press; Sindhu, K.S., The Coming of the Indians to Malaysia, , Indian communities in South East Asia. Sindhu KS, Mani A, editor. Chapter; Singapore: ISEAS Publishing; 1993 p. 151-18Agnihotri, G., Singh, D., Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants (2007) Iran J Pediatr, 17, pp. 332-338; Shah, M., Verma, I.C., Mahadevan, S., Puri, R.K., Facial anthropometry in newborns in Pondicherry (1991) Indian J Paediatr, 25, pp. 259-263; Farkas, L.G., Katic, M.J., Forrest, C.R., Alt, K.W., Bagic, I., Baltadjiev, G., International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races (2005) J Craniofac Surg, 16, pp. 615-646; Khandekar, B., Srinivasan, S., Mokal, N., Thatte, M.R., Anthropometric analysis of lip-nose complex in Indian population (2005) Indian J Plast Surg, 38, pp. 128-131; Prasad, N.N., Reddy, D., Anthropometry: Lip-nose complex (2001) Indian J Plast Surg, 34, pp. 3-8; Purkait, R., Singh, P., Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: A study of adult Indian men (2007) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 31, pp. 372-379; Sharma, A., Sidhu, N.K., Sharma, M.K., Kapoor, K., Singh, B., Morphometric study of ear lobule in northwest Indian male subjects (2007) Anat Sci Int, 82, pp. 98-104; Gupta, V.P., Sodhi, P.K., Pandey, R.M., Normal values for inner intercanthal, interpupillary, and outer intercanthal distances in the Indian population (2003) Int J Clin Pract, 57, pp. 25-29; Kunjur, J., Sabesan, T., Ilankovan, V., Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: An inter-racial study (2006) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 44, pp. 89-93; Verma, K.C., Puri, V., Sharma, T.C., Anthropometric study of inner canthal, interpupillary and outer orbital dimensions-range of normal (1978) Indian Pediatr, 15, pp. 349-352; Hajnis, K., Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C.K., Lee, S.T., Venkatadri, G., Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, pp. 201-218. , Farkas LG, editor. New York: Raven Press; Richardson, E.R., Racial differences in dimesional traits of the human face (1980) Angle Orthod, 50, pp. 301-311; Sforza, C., Laino, A., Dalessio, R., Grandi, G., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women (2007) Prog Orthod, 8, pp. 282-293; Sforza, C., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Ferrario, V.F., Morphometry of the ear in Downs syndrome subjects. A three-dimensional computerized assessment (2005) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 34, pp. 480-486; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Colombo, A., Schmitz, J.H., Serrao, G., Morphometry of the orbital region: A soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (2001) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108 (2), pp. 285-292; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Schmitz, J.H., Ciusa, V., Colombo, A., Normal growth and development of the lips: A 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model (2000) J Anat, 196, pp. 415-423; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Serrao, G., A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults (2000) Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 37, pp. 48-54; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Ciusa, V., Serrao, G., Tartaglia, G.M., Morphometry of the normal human ear: A cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (1999) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 19, pp. 226-233; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Poggio, C.E., Schmitz, J.H., Craniofacial growth: A three-dimensional soft-tissue study from 6 years to adulthood (1998) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 18, pp. 138-149; Bozkir, M.G., Karakas, P., Oguz, O., Vertical and horizontal neoclassical canons in Turkish young adults (2004) Surg Radiol Anat, 26, pp. 212-219; Osuobeni, E.P., Al-Musa, K.A., Gender differences in interpupillary distance among Arabs (1993) Optom Vis Sci, 70, pp. 1027-1030; Jahanshahi, M., Golalipour, M.J., Heidari, K., The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran (2008) Singapore Med J, 49, pp. 940-943; Zhang, X.T., Wang, S.K., Zhang, W., Wang, X.F., Measurement and study of the nose and face and their correlations in the young adult of Han nationality (1990) Plast Reconstr Surg, 85, pp. 532-536; Le Tt Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C., Levin, L.S., Forrest, C.R., Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria (2002) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 26, pp. 64-69; Yaacob, H., Nambiar, P., Naidu, M.D., Racial characteristics of human teeth with special emphasis on the Mongoloid dentition (1996) Malaysian J Pathol, 18, pp. 1-7' relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 8 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2012-04-25 13:00:29 subjects: - JOURNALS - OJHAS succeeds: ~ suggestions: "Associate Prof. Dr. Ngeow Wei Cheong @ David Ngeow\r\nDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of\r\nMalaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA\r\n\r\nAssociate Professor Dr. Ngeow Wei Cheong is currently a lecturer at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. He graduated from the University of Malaya in 1992 and was a private practitioner for 9 months before he was offered the post of tutorship at his alma matter. Three years later, he went to do a house job at the Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, England. He obtained his Fellowship in Dental Surgery from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons ofEngland in 1996. He subsequently returned to Malaysia and was a pioneer lecturer at the then newly established Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He left for private practice in 1999 but the temptation to return to academic life was greater, hence he returned to the University of Malaya the subsequent year. His research interest are craniofacial anthropometry, variations of the mandibular nerve, and recovery of peripheral nerves after microsurgical repair. \r\n \r\n\r\nAREAS OF EXPERTISE\r\n\t\r\nDentofacial Anthropometry (Head & Neck, anthropology)\r\n\r\nDental Analgesics (analgesic, local anaesthetic, COX-2 inhibitors)\r\n\r\nSurgical Anatomy (mental foramen, anterior loop)" sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malaysian Indians type: journalp userid: 16514 volume: 20