?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=%C3%9Cner+Tan+Syndrome%3A+Review+and+Emergence+of+Human+Quadrupedalism+in+Self-Organization%2C%0D%0AAttractors+and+Evolutionary+Perspectives%0D%0A&rft.creator=Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Uner&rft.creator=Tamam%2C+Prof.+Dr.++Yusuf&rft.creator=Karaca%2C+Dr.+Sibel&rft.creator=Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.++Meliha&rft.subject=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.subject=Neurology&rft.subject=Neurophysiology&rft.subject=Neuropsychology&rft.description=The+first+man+reported+in+the+world+literature+exhibiting+habitual+quadrupedal+locomotion+was+discovered+by+a+British+traveler+and+writer+on+the+famous+Baghdat+road+near+Havsa%2FSamsun+on+the+middle+Black-Sea+coast+of+Turkey+(Childs%2C+1917).+Interestingly%2C+no+single+case+with+human+quadrupedalism+was+reported+in+the+scientific+literature+after+Child's+first+description+in+1917+until+the+first+report+on+the+Uner+Tan+syndrome+(UTS%3A+quadrupedalism%2C+mental+retardation%2C+and+impaired+speech+or+no+speech)in+2005+(Tan%2C+2005%2C+2006).+Between+2005+and+2010%2C+10+families+exhibiting+the+syndrome+were+discovered+in+Turkey+with+33+cases%3A+14+women+(42.4%25)+and+19+men+(57.6%25).+Including+a+few+cases+from+other+countries%2C+there+were+25+men+(64.1%25)and+14+women+(35.9%25).+The+number+of+men+significantly+exceeded+the+number+of+women+(p+%3C+.05).+Genetics+alone+did+not+seem+to+be+informative+for+the+origins+of+many+syndromes%2C+including+the+Uner+Tan+syndrome.+From+the+viewpoint+of+dynamical+systems+theory%2C+there+may+not+be+a+single+factor+including+the+neural+and%2For+genetic+codes+that+predetermines+the+emergence+of+the+human+quadrupedalism.Rather%2C+it+may+involve+a+self-organization+process%2C+consisting+of+many+decentralized+and+local+interactions+among+neuronal%2C+genetic%2C+and+environmental+subsystems.+The+most+remarkable+characteristic+of+the+UTS%2C+the+diagonal-sequence+quadrupedalism+is+well+developed+in+primates.+The+evolutionarily+advantage+of+this+gait+is+not+known.+However%2C+there+seems+to+be+an+evolutionarily+advantage+of+this+type+of+locomotion+for+primate+evolution%2C+with+regard+to+the+emergence+of+complex+neural+circuits+with+related+highly+complex+structures.+Namely%2C+only+primates+with+diagonal-sequence+quadrupedal+locomotion+followed+an+evolution+favoring+larger+brains%2C+highly+developed+cognitive+abilities+with+hand+skills%2C+and+language%2C+with+erect+posture+and+bipedal+locomotion%2C+creating+the+unity+of+human+being.+It+was+suggested+that+UTS+may+be+considered+a+further+example+for+Darwinian+diseases%2C+which+may+be+associated+with+an+evolutionary+understanding+of+the+disorders+using+evolutionary+principles%2C+such+as+the+natural+selection.+On+the+other+hand%2C+the+human+quadrupedalism+was+proposed++to+be+a+phenotypic+example+of+evolution+of+reverse%2C+i.e.%2C+the+reacquisition+by+derived+populations+of+the+same+character+states+as+those+of+ancestor+populations.+It+was+also+suggested+that+the+emergence+of+the+human+quadrupedalism+may+be+related+to+self-organizing+processes+occurring+in+complex+systems%2C+which+select+or+attract+one+preferred+behavioral+state+or+locomotor+trait+out+of+many+possible+attractor+states.+Concerning+the+locomotor+patterns%2C+the+dynamical+systems+in+brain+and+body+of+the+developing+child+may+prefer+some+kind+of+locomotion%2C+according+to+interactions+of+the+internal+components+and+the+environmental+conditions%2C+without+a+direct+role+of+any+causative+factor(s)%2C+such+as+genetic+or+neural+codes%2C+consistent+with+the+concept+of+self-organization%2C+suggesting+no+single+element+may+have+a+causal+priority.++++++++++&rft.publisher=InTech+Croatia&rft.contributor=Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.++Uner&rft.date=2012&rft.type=Book+Chapter&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8967%2F1%2FBOOK%2520Chapter%2520LATEST%2520FINDINGS%2520TAN%25202012%2520Copy.pdf&rft.identifier=++Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Uner+and+Tamam%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Yusuf+and+Karaca%2C+Dr.+Sibel+and+Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Meliha++(2012)+%C3%9Cner+Tan+Syndrome%3A+Review+and+Emergence+of+Human+Quadrupedalism+in+Self-Organization%2C+Attractors+and+Evolutionary+Perspectives.++%5BBook+Chapter%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8967%2F