?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Mind%3A+meet+network.+Emergence+of+features+in+conceptual+metaphor.&rft.creator=Jelec%2C+Anna+&rft.creator=Jaworska%2C+Dorota+&rft.subject=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.subject=Language&rft.subject=Neural+Nets&rft.subject=Semantics&rft.description=As+a+human+product%2C+language+reflects+the+psychological+experience+of+man+(Radden+and+Dirven%2C+2007).+One+model+of+language+and+human+cognition+in+general+is+connectionism%2C+by+many+linguists+is+regarded+as+mathematical+and%2C+therefore%2C+too+reductive.+This+opinion+trend+seems+to+be+reversing%2C+however%2C+due+to+the+fact+that+many+cognitive+researchers+begin+to+appreciate+one+attribute+of+network+models%3A+feature+emergence.+In+the+course+of+a+network+simulation+properties+emerge+that+were+neither+inbuilt+nor+intended+by+its+creators+(Elman%2C+1998)%2C+in+other+words%2C+the+whole+becomes+more+than+just+the+sum+of+its+parts.+Insight+is+not+only+drawn+from+the+network's+output%2C+but+also+the+means+that+the+network+utilizes+to+arrive+at+the+output.%0D%0AIt+may+seem+obvious+that+the+events+of+life+should+be+meaningful+for+human+beings%2C+yet+there+is+no+widely+accepted+theory+as+to+how+do+we+derive+that+meaning.+The+most+promising+hypothesis+regarding+the+question+how+the+world+is+meaningful+to+us+is+that+of+embodied+cognition+(cf.+Turner+2009)%2C+which+postulates+that+the+functions+of+the+brain+evolved+so+as+to+%E2%80%98understand%E2%80%99+the+body%2C+thus+grounding+the+mind+in+an+experiential+foundation.+Yet%2C+the+relationship+between+the+body+and+the+mind+is+far+from+perspicuous%2C+as+research+insight+is+still+intertwined+with+metaphors+specific+for+the+researcher%E2%80%99s+methodology+(Eliasmith+2003).+It+is+the+aim+of+this+paper+to+investigate+the+conceptual+metaphor+in+a+manner+that+will+provide+some+insight+with+regard+to+the+role+that+objectification%2C+as+defined+by+Szwedek+(2002)%2C+plays+in+human+cognition+and+identify+one+possible+consequence+of+embodied+cognition.%0D%0AIf+the+mechanism+for+concept+formation%2C+or+categorization+of+the+world%2C+resembles+a+network%2C+it+is+reasonable+to+assume+that+evidence+for+this+is+to+be+sought+in+language.+Let+us+then+postulate+the+existence+of+a+network+mechanism+for+categorization+and+concept+formation+present+in+the+human+mind+and+initially+developed+to+cope+with+the+world+directly+accessible+to+the+early+human+(i.e.+tangible).+Such+a+network+would+convert+external+inputs+to+form+an+internal%2C+multi+modal+representation+of+a+perceived+object+in+the+brain.+The+sheer+amount+of+available+information+and+the+computational+restrictions+of+the+brain+would+force+some+sort+of+data+compression%2C+or+a+computational+funnel.+It+has+been+shown+that+a+visual+perception+network+of+this+kind+can+learn+to+accurately+label+patterns+(Elman%2C+1998).+What+is+more%2C+the+compression+of+data+facilitated+the+recognition+of+prototypes+of+a+given+pattern+category+rather+than+its+peripheral+representations%2C+an+emergent+property+that+supports+the+prototype+theory+of+the+mental+lexicon+(cf.+Radden+and+Dirven%2C+2007).%0D%0AThe+present+project+proposes+that%2C+in+the+domain+of+cognition%2C+the+process+of+objectification%2C+as+defined+by+Szwedek+(2002)%2C+would+be+an+emergent+property+of+such+a+system%2C+or+that+if+an+abstract+notion+is+computed+by+a+neural+network+designed+to+cope+with+tangible+concepts+the+data+compression+mechanism+would+require+the+notion+to+be+conceptualized+as+an+object+to+permit+further+processing.+The+notion+of+emergence+of+meaning+from+the+operation+of+complex+systems+is+recognised+as+an+important+process+in+a+number+of+studies+on+metaphor+comprehension.+Feature+emergence+is+said+to+occur+when+a+non-salient+feature+of+the+target+and+the+vehicle+becomes+highly+salient+in+the+metaphor+(Utsumi+2005).+Therefore%2C+for+example%2C+should+objectification+emerge+as+a+feature+in+the+metaphor+KNOWLEDGE+IS+A+TREASURE%2C+the+metaphor+would+be+characterised+as+having+more%0D%0Afeatures+of+an+object+than+either+the+target+or+vehicle+alone.+This+paper+focuses+on+providing+a+theoretical+connectionist+network+based+on+the+Elman-type+network+(Elman%2C+1998)+as+a+model+of+concept+formation+where+objectification+would+be+an+emergent+feature.+This+is+followed+by+a+psychological+experiment+whereby+the+validity+of+this+assumption+is+tested+through+a+questionnaire+where+two+groups+of+participants+are+asked+to+evaluate+either+metaphors+or+their+components.+The+model+proposes+an+underlying+relation+between+the+mechanism+for+concept+formation+and+the+omnipresence+of+conceptual+metaphors%2C+which+are+interpreted+as+resulting+from+the+properties+of+the+proposed+network+system.%0D%0AThus%2C+an+evolutionary+neural+mechanism+is+proposed+for+categorization+of+the+world%2C+that+is+able+to+cope+with+both+concrete+and+abstract+notions+and+the+by-product+of+which+are+the+abstract+language-related+phenomena%2C+i.e.+metaphors.+The+model+presented+in+this+paper+aims+at+providing+a+unified+account+of+how+the+various+types+of+phenomena%2C+objects%2C+feelings+etc.+are+categorized+in+the+human+mind%2C+drawing+on+evidence+from+language.%0D%0AReferences%3A%0D%0ASzwedek%2C+Aleksander.+2002.+Objectification%3A+From+Object+Perception+To+Metaphor+Creation.+In+B.+Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk+and+K.+Turewicz+(eds).+Cognitive+Linguistics+To-day%2C+159-175.+Frankfurt+am+Main%3A+Peter+Lang.%0D%0ARadden%2C+G%C3%BCnter+and+Dirven%2C+Ren%C3%A9.+2007.+Cognitive+English+Grammar.+Amsterdam%2F+Philadelphia%3A+John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company%0D%0AEliasmith%2C+Chris.+2003.+Moving+beyond+metaphors%3A+understanding+the+mind+for+what+it+is.+Journal+of+Philosophy.+C(10)%3A493-+520.%0D%0AElman%2C+J.+L.+et+al.+1998.+Rethinking+innateness%3A+A+connectionist+perspective+on+development.+Cambridge%2C+MA%3A+MIT+Press%0D%0ATurner%2C+Mark.+2009.+Categorization+of+Time+and+Space+Through+Language.+(Paper+presented+at+the+FOCUS2009+conference+%22Categorization+of+the+world+through+language%22.+Serock%2C+25-28+February+2009).%0D%0AUtsumi%2C+Akira.+2005.+The+role+of+feature+emergence+in+metaphor+appreciation%2C+Metaphor+and+Symbol%2C+20(3)%2C+151-172.&rft.publisher=KSU&rft.contributor=Solovyev%2C+V.&rft.contributor=Polyakov%2C+V.&rft.date=2011&rft.type=Conference+Paper&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8980%2F1%2Fmind%2520-%2520meet%2520network.pdf&rft.identifier=++Jelec%2C+Anna++and+Jaworska%2C+Dorota+++(2011)+Mind%3A+meet+network.+Emergence+of+features+in+conceptual+metaphor.++%5BConference+Paper%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8980%2F