?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Two+families+with+quadrupedalism%2C+mental+retardation%2C+no%0D%0Aspeech%2C+and+infantile+hypotonia+(Uner+Tan+Syndrome%0D%0AType-II)%3B+a+novel+theory+for+the+evolutionary+emergence+of%0D%0Ahuman+bipedalism&rft.creator=Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Uner&rft.subject=Neurology&rft.description=Two+consanguineous+families+with+Uner+Tan+Syndrome+(UTS)+were+analyzed+in+relation+to+self-organizing+processes+in+complex+systems%2C+and+the+evolutionary+emergence+of+human%0D%0Abipedalism.+The+cases+had+the+key+symptoms+of+previously+reported+cases+of+UTS%2C+such+as+quadrupedalism%2C+mental+retardation%2C+and+dysarthric+or+no+speech%2C+but+the+new+cases%0D%0Aalso+exhibited+infantile+hypotonia+and+are+designated+UTS+Type-II.+There+were+10+siblings+in+Branch+I+and+12+siblings+in+Branch+II.+Of+these%2C+there+were+seven+cases+exhibiting+habitual+quadrupedal+locomotion+(QL)%3A+four+deceased+and+three+living.+The+infantile+hypotonia+in+the%0D%0Asurviving+cases+gradually+disappeared+over+a+period+of+years%2C+so+that+they+could+sit+by+about+10+years%2C+crawl+on+hands+and+knees+by+about+12+years.+They+began+walking+on+all+fours+at+around+14+years%2C+habitually+using+QL.+Neurological+examinations+showed+normal+tonus+in%0D%0Atheir+arms+and+legs%2C+no+Babinski+sign%2C+brisk+tendon+re%EF%AC%82exes+especially+in+the+legs%2C+and+mild+tremor.+The+patients+could+not+walk+in+a+straight+line%2C+but+(except+in+one+case)+could+stand+up+and+maintain+upright+posture+with+truncal+ataxia.+Cerebello-vermial+hypoplasia+and+mild+gyral+simpli%EF%AC%81cation+were+noted+in+their+MRIs.+The+results+of+the+genetic+analysis+were+inconclusive%3A+no+genetic+code+could+be+identi%EF%AC%81ed+as+the+triggering+factor+for+the+syndrome%0D%0Ain+these+families.+Instead%2C+the+extremely+low+socio-economic+status+of+the+patients+was+thought+to+play+a+role+in+the+emergence+of+UTS%2C+possibly+by+epigenetically+changing+the+brain+structure+and+function%2C+with+a+consequent+selection+of+ancestral+neural+networks+for%0D%0AQL+during+locomotor+development.+It+was+suggested+that+UTS+may+be+regarded+as+one+of+the+unpredictable+outcomes+of+self-organization+within+a+complex+system.+It+was+also%0D%0Anoted+that+the+prominent+feature+of+this+syndrome%2C+the+diagonal-sequence+habitual+QL%2C+generated+an+interference+between+ipsilateral+hands+and+feet%2C+as+innon-humanprimates.+It+was+suggested+that+this+may+have+been+the+triggering+factor+for+the+attractor+state+%E2%80%9Cbipedal+locomotion%E2%80%9D+(BL)%2C+which+had+visual+and+manual+bene%EF%AC%81ts+for+our+ape-like+ancestors%2C+and+therefore+enhancing+their+chances+for+survival%2C+with+consequent+developments+in+the+psychomotor+domain+of+humans.+This+was+put+forward+as+a+novel+theory+of+the+evolution+of+BL+in+human+beings.&rft.publisher=www.frontiers.org&rft.contributor=Williams%2C+Dr.+J.+Michael&rft.date=2014&rft.type=Journal+(On-line%2FUnpaginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F9686%2F1%2FUTS%2520ARTICLE%2520and%2520NEW%2520THEORY%2520on%2520EVOLUTION%2520OF%2520BIPEDALISM%25202014.pdf&rft.identifier=++Tan%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Uner++(2014)+Two+families+with+quadrupedalism%2C+mental+retardation%2C+no+speech%2C+and+infantile+hypotonia+(Uner+Tan+Syndrome+Type-II)%3B+a+novel+theory+for+the+evolutionary+emergence+of+human+bipedalism.++%5BJournal+(On-line%2FUnpaginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F9686%2F