Cogprints: No conditions. Results ordered Title. 2018-01-17T14:22:12ZEPrintshttp://cogprints.org/images/sitelogo.gifhttp://cogprints.org/2001-06-26Z2011-03-11T08:54:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1653This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16532001-06-26ZBiographical entry for A. MontaguAshley Montagu was one of those rare men of learning who succeeded in making substantive scholarly contributions to their academic disciplines while at the same time maintaining contact with the educated layman. In addition, he was a dedicated and articulate social critic, concerned with bringing the findings of the social and biological sciences to bear upon the betterment of man's lot, while subjecting some of those very findings to critical social scrutiny. His accomplishments in these three domains, the scientific, the public-educational, and the socioethical, are treated as a unity in this biographical sketch, in accordance with what was clearly the spirit of the program that guided his life's work. Stevan Harnad1998-02-05Z2011-03-11T08:53:53Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/410This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/4101998-02-05ZCircumscription - A Form of Non-Monotonic ReasoningHumans and intelligent computer programs must often jump to the conclusion that the objects they can determine to have certain properties or relations are the only objects that do. Circumscription formalizes such conjectural reasoning. John McCarthy2001-06-08Z2011-03-11T08:54:40Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1548This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/15482001-06-08ZDiscriminatory approach to auditory stimuli in Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) after hyperstriatal/hippocampal brain damageIntroduction:
The dorsomedial hyperstriatum accessorium (DMHA) appears to mediate some functions simialr to the mammalian hippocampus on tests in the visual modality ( Oades 1976a, 1976b). Here we investigate similar attention-related functions in the auditory modality after brain damage in and around the avian hippocampus. To what extent do these functions extend posterior to the posterior commissure (parahippocampus) and relate to the apparent hierarchical function reported from auditory areas that are adjacent posteriorly (e.g. Field L) ?
Methods:
Operation: Aspiration lesions and cuts were made to discrete parts of the hyperstriatum/hippocampus anterior and posterior to the posterior commissure in adult birds: the performance of these two lesion groups was compared with sham-controls..
Training/testing: Guinea fowl were trained to approach, feed and retreat from a food dish after hearing a species-specific food-trill. An ethogram including approach, search, locomotion and tension behaviour was recorded before and after operation for a training and test regime of variations of the natural calls and other sounds
Histology is shown in figure 1 : Sonograms of fast-, slow, novel-, arousal-trills and "watch-winding" are shown in figure 2 : Photographs and Sketches of the behavioural responses are shown in figure 3.
Results:
1/ Both groups with anterior and posterior lesions showed impaired recognition of the stimulus variations, shown a) by more search behaviour in both groups, and b) increased approach tendencies in the posterior-lesion group.
[Nonetheless test stimuli were rcognized to be different - e.g. search after extinction > after filtered trills > after novel stimuli]
2/ Extended approach after posterior-lesions was followed by a long period of arousal / high tension.
3/ Transient tension behaviour after anterior damage habituated rapidly - search behaviour changed to low tension..
[The anterior lesioned group responded with search to filtered trills - there was message content still in the stimulus, whereas the posterior group changed behaviour.]
Conclusions:
It is proposed that after anterior hyperstriatal damage (hippocampus) there were changes in the thresholds for matching specifications of learned stimuli with new sensory input - initial activation was followed by disengagement.
In contrast more posterior damage incurred an impairment to the general rules for the selection of sensory input - hence this led to more generalised approach and arousal responses.
In conclusion there is a hierarchy of associative function extending anterior from the sensory field L, and this is discussed in terms of the function impaired after brain damage - perseveration (gross behavioural consequences) and persistence (application of recognition units to patterns of sensory stimulation).
Oades1998-03-10Z2011-03-11T08:54:07Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/612This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6121998-03-10ZLinguisitic and Other Psychological Aspects of Paroxysmal AphasiaA case of paroxysmal aphasia is reported. Aphasic spells occurred, in this patient, without modification in consciousness and without involvement of behaviors others than those related to oral and written speech and language. Longer spells successively recapitulated the clinical pictures of global, Wernicke's. conduction, and amnestic aphasia. Besides aphasiological evaluations, neurological, psychometrical, electroencephalographical, and CT-scan documents were obtained. The discussion bears on four main points : the linguistic characteristics of paroxysmal aphasia as compared to those of aphasias of other etiologies; Pierre Marie's oneness doctrine of aphasia; the mutual relationships of language and thought (in aphasia); the affective experience lived by one with severe aphasia, with special reference to the notion of anosognosia.Andre Roch LecoursJoanette Yves2010-11-20T13:54:42Z2011-03-11T08:57:49Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7150This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/71502010-11-20T13:54:42ZMinds, Brains and ProgramsThis article can be viewed as an attempt to explore the consequences of two propositions. (1) Intentionality in human beings (and animals) is a product of causal features of the brain I assume this is an empirical fact about the actual causal relations between mental processes and brains It says simply that certain brain processes are sufficient for intentionality. (2) Instantiating a computer program is never by itself a sufficient condition of intentionality The main argument of this paper is directed at establishing this claim The form of the argument is to show how a human agent could instantiate the program and still not have the relevant intentionality. These two propositions have the following consequences (3) The explanation of how the brain produces intentionality cannot be that it does it by instantiating a computer program. This is a strict logical consequence of 1 and 2. (4) Any mechanism capable of producing intentionality must have causal powers equal to those of the brain. This is meant to be a trivial consequence of 1. (5) Any attempt literally to create intentionality artificially (strong AI) could not succeed just by designing programs but would have to duplicate the causal powers of the human brain. This follows from 2 and 4.John Searle2011-12-16T00:58:34Z2011-12-16T00:58:34Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7755This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/77552011-12-16T00:58:34ZNatural Transformations of Organismic StructuresThe mathematical structures underlying the theories of organismic sets, (M, R)-systems and molecular sets are shown to be transformed naturally within the theory of categories and functors. Their natural transformations allow the comparison of distinct entities, as well as the modelling of dynamics in “organismic” structures.Prof. Dr. I. C. Baianuibaianu@illinois.edu2001-08-30Z2011-03-11T08:54:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1782This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/17822001-08-30ZNature's PsychologistsnoneNicholas K Humphrey1998-12-03Z2011-03-11T08:54:16Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/762This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7621998-12-03ZNeophobia and water intake after repeated pairings of novel flavors with toxicosisThe ability of rats (a) to acquire a generalized neophobia and (b) to maintain total daily fluid intake (by increasing intake of plain water) during the neophobia, was assessed. Rats trained to drink on a 23 1/2-hr water deprivation schedule were presented with a series of novel-flavored drinking solutions at 4-day intervals. Fifteen min of exposure to the novel flavor was followed first by 15 min of access to plain water, and then by an injection of lithium chloride. A saline-injected group and a noncontingent lithium chloride-injected group served as controls. Re-exposure to flavors did not occur between presentations of novel flavors. The rats in the group receiving novel flavors paired with toxicosis not only showed suppressed intake of all subsequent novel flavors after several pairings, but also eventually showed suppressed intake of plain water, which was limited to the days of novel-flavor presentation.Mark B. KristalMelissa Ann SteuerJ. Ken NishitaLawrence C. Peters1998-04-25Z2011-03-11T08:53:37Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/20This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/201998-04-25ZNormal Repetitive Firing and Its PathophysiologyA neuron communicates over long distances (more than a few millimeters) by generating a train of impulses which propagates down the axon to release a series of prepackaged quanta of neurotransmitter molecules. The rate, or perhaps the patterning, of the impulse train carries the information. One of the hallmarks of an interictal epileptogenic focus is that many of its neurons are observed to cluster their impulses into bursts, with the intervals between impulses being unusually short (several milliseconds). Is the bursting neuron some sort of pacemaker, driving other normal neurons into synchronous activity and thus spreading the trouble? Or is the bursting one observes just one of those recruited neurons, having nothing more wrong with it than an oversized synaptic input? Or perhaps there are no pacemaker neurons; the trouble could be subtly distributed over many neurons, changing the balance of excitation and inhibition so that the whole circuit tends to go into a bursting-type oscillation.William H Calvin1998-11-19Z2011-03-11T08:54:16Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/757This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7571998-11-19ZPlacentophagia: A biobehavioral enigma (or De gustibus non disputandum est)Although ingestion of the afterbirth during delivery is a reliable component of parturitional behavior of mothers in most mammalian species, we know almost nothing of the direct causes or consequences of the act. Traditional explanations of placentophagia, such as general or specific hunger, are discussed and evaluated in light of recent experimental results. Next, research is reviewed which has attempted to distinguish between placentophagia as a maternal behavior and placentophagia as an ingestive behavior. Finally, consequences of the behavior, which may also be viewed as ultimate causes in an evolutionary sense, are considered, such as the possibility of beneficial effects on maternal behavior or reproductive competence, on protection against predators, and on immunological protection afforded either the mother or the young.Mark B. Kristal2006-10-05Z2011-03-11T08:56:38Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5200This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/52002006-10-05ZThe Seer-Sucker Theory: The Value of Experts in ForecastingPeople are willing to pay heavily for expert advice. Economists are consulted to tell us how the economy will change, stock analysts are paid large salaries to forecast the earnings of various companies, and political experts command large fees to tell our leaders what the future holds. The available evidence, however, implies that this
money is poorly spent. But because few people pay attention to this evidence, I have come up with what I call the "seersucker theory": "No matter how much evidence exists that seers do not exist, suckers will pay for the existence of seers."J. Scott Armstrong2004-10-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3822This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/38222004-10-06ZSTRUCTURAL ORDER AND PARTIAL DISORDER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS:
Structural "Fuzziness" underlying All Biological FunctionsThe presence of structural order and partial disorder is discussed for several important biological molecules such as DNA, enzymes and proteins, as well as for cellular structures such as nerve myelin. The relationship between structural "fuzziness" and biological function is discussed
as an important aspect of biological complexity and biodynamics. The possible effects of partial disorder on the electron density of states in biological structures are predicted based on known quantum theoretical computations for lattices in solids. Important phenomena such as Anderson delocalization, Hall effect and quantum tunneling are predicted to affect biological function. Novel experiments are being proposed by pulsed lasers, pulsed/FT-NMR and optical/NIR spectroscopy to monitor the effects of structural partial disorder and "fuzziness" on biological function. Novel methods for computer analysis of paracrystalline lattices such as nerve myelin and oriented DNA fibers are also proposed based on molecular models that include partial disorder.
Prof. Dr. I.C. Baianuicb2004-10-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:41Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3820This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/38202004-10-06ZSTRUCTURAL ORDER AND PARTIAL DISORDER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS:
STRUCTURAL "FUZZINESS" UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONThe presence of structural order and partial disorder is discussed for several important biological molecules such as DNA, enzymes and proteins, as well as for cellular structures such as nerve myelin. The relationship between structural "fuzziness" and biological function is discussed
as an important aspect of biological complexity and biodynamics. The possible effects of partial disorder on the electron density of states in biological structures is predicted based on known quantum theoretical computations for lattices in solids. Important phenomena such as Anderson delocalization, Hall effect and quantum tunneling are predicted to affect biological function. Novel experiments are being suggested by pulsed lasers, pulsed/FT-NMR and optical/NIR spectroscopy in order to monitor the effects of structural partial disorder and "fuzziness" on biological function. Novel methods for computer analysis of paracrystalline lattices such as nerve myelin and oriented DNA fibers are also being proposed based on molecular models that include partial disorder.
Dr. I.C. Baianuicb1998-12-20Z2011-03-11T08:54:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/775This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7751998-12-20ZTo tell the truthLewis Thomas, in a previous issue of Discover magazine, had speculated on the sociobiological significance of the "fact" that telling a lie produces a "reproducible cascade" of physiological changes. In this response, I explain that this "fact' is a myth, the deeply entrenched myth of the lie detector. It is plausible to suppose that our ancestors evolved the ability to lie not long after acquiring the ability to talk, both of these talents having obvious adaptive qualities. They did not, however, evolve a Pinocchio's nose, an involuntary response or pattern of responses that is always shown when, and only when, a lie is being told or a deceptive answer given.David T. Lykken2006-10-05Z2011-03-11T08:56:38Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5203This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/52032006-10-05ZUnintelligible Management Research and Academic PrestigeModest support was found for the "Dr. Fox Phenomenon": Management scientists gain prestige by unintelligible writing. A positive correlation (+0.7) was found between the prestige of 10 management journals and their "fog indices" (reading difficulty). Furthermore, 32 faculty members were asked to rate the prestige of four passages from management journals. The content of the passages was held constant while readability was varied. Those passages that were more difficult to read were rated higher in research competence.J. Scott Armstrong1999-02-17Z2011-03-11T08:54:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/797This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7971999-02-17ZVery rapid forgettingHuman forgetting can be much more rapid than previous experiments have indicated. Subjects who do not expect a test after a filled retention interval can rarely recall three consonants correctly after 2 sec of distraction. If there are two kinds of memory, primary and secondary, the present technique provides a purer method of studying forgetting from primary memory.Paul Muter