All responses from individual trials were visually inspected and all uncontaminated by marked muscle or eye-movements artefacts were averaged.

Figure 3.8.1a. Grand average ERPs elicited by the non-learners last fifty trials in blue color and the first fifty in light blue color represented by the top traces and the learners' last fifty trial traces in red color, the first fifty trials in light red color presented by the bottom traces. Recorded at FZ, Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure 3.8.1b. Grand average ERPs elicited by the non-learners trial in blue color and the learners' trial traces in red color. The top traces represent the last fifty; the bottom traces represent the first fifty. Recorded at FZ, Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.2a) shows the top view cartoon brainmaps made from the grand average ERPs elicited by the last fifty trials of the learners minus the first fifty. The numbers below each brainmap indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. These results indicate 200msec before stimulus to 1452 msec post-stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. Frontal to the top, occipital to the bottom of the brain maps

Figure (3.8.2b) shows the top view cartoon brainmaps made from the grand average ERPs elicited by the last fifty trials of the non-learners minus the first fifty. The numbers below each brainmap indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. These results indicate 200msec before stimulus to 1452msec post-stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. Frontal to the top, occipital to the bottom of the brain maps

The group of learners brain activity stayed similar up to 200msec, then the correct answer trace showed positive peaks deflections stayed for about 1000msec. The group of non-learners stayed similar up to 450msec, then the positive deviation just stayed for 100msec, then the two traces were similar again up to the end of the task. A comparison between the learners and the non-learners showed that the pre-stimulus was the same in both of them up to 200msec and beyond 1200msec. The ERPs showed two positive peaks with latency of 300msec and 600msec in both groups. The positive amplitude was bigger for the learners group when compared with the non-learners, and the latencies were almost the same in the two conditions. In the learners group the positivity was more for the correct answers trials but the positive peaks latency was not similar where were delayed in case of the correct answers trials. The brain potentials elicit more positive activity on the right hemisphere at frontal sites and propagated to the central and parietal sites on both hemispheres.

Figure 3.8.3a. Shows the grand averaged ERPs elicited by the non-learners correct answer trials in blue color and the incorrect answer trials in light blue color represented by the top traces and the learners correct answer trials traces in red color, the incorrect answer trials in light red color presented by the bottom traces. Recorded at FZ, Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.3b) shows the grand averaged ERPs elicited by the non-learners trial traces in blue color and the learners' trial traces in red color and the top traces represent the incorrect answer trials; the bottom traces represent the incorrect answer trials. Recorded at FZ, Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.4a) shows the top view cartoon brainmaps made from grand average ERP elicited by the learners' correct answer trials. The numbers below each brainmap indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. These results indicate 200msec before stimulus to 1452msec after stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. Frontal to the top, occipital to the bottom of the brain maps

Figure (3.8.4b) shows the top view cartoon brainmaps made from grand average ERP elicited by the non-learners correct answers trials. The numbers below each brainmap indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. These results indicate 200msec before stimulus to 1452 msec after stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. Frontal to the top, occipital to the bottom of the brain maps

The electrical activity was very similar in all parts of the brain pre-stimulus.

Figure (3.8.5a) shows the grand average ERPs elicited by all subjects' performance in group four. The right–hand side electrodes traces in dark green color, and the left-hand side electrodes traces in light green color. Recorded from the lateral frontal at F4-F3, and, the parietal area at P4-P3. Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (msec). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.5b) shows the grand average ERPs elicited by all subjects' performance in group four. The right–hand side electrodes traces in dark green color, and the left-hand side electrodes traces in light green color. Recorded from the lateral frontal at F8-F7 and the anterior temporal area at ATR-ATL. Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.5c) shows the grand average ERPs elicited by all subjects' performance in group four. The right–hand side electrodes traces in green color, the left-hand side electrodes traces in blue color. Recorded from the tempro-parietal at TPR-TPL, the temporal at T4-T3 and the posterior temporal at T6-T5. Y-axis shows amplitude in Microvolts (m n ), and X-axis shows latency in milliseconds (ms). The black vertical dotted line marks the point of stimulus onset, and the horizontal black dotted line represents the baseline. Upward deflection represents the negativity.

Figure (3.8.6a) shows the left-hand side view spatial maps made from the grand average ERPs elicited by the learners group last fifty stimuli. The numbers below each large map indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. The first time interval 250msec to 550msec and the second time interval 550msec to 850msec after stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. The frontal area to the left-hand side and occipital area to the right-hand side of the brainmap

Figure (3.8.6b) shows the right-hand side view spatial maps made from the grand average ERPs elicited by the learners group last fifty trials. The numbers below each large map indicates the time in milliseconds when the map was computed. The first time interval 250msec to 550msec and the second time interval 550msec to 850msec after stimulus. Color scale displays brain potentials from +15 m n in pink color, and –15 m n in dark blue. The frontal area to the right-hand side and occipital area to the left-hand side of the brainmap