Educational Copyright in the context of language teaching and the provision of independent language learning materials
Copyright Edition 3 - July 2001
(Revised November 2004)

The CIEL project would like to thank, Professor Charles Oppenheim, Loughborough University and Richard McCracken, the Open University, for their invaluable advice in the compilation of this document. 	
    
Copyright in Higher Education: Contents
1.	What is Copyright?
2.	When can you copy without seeking prior permission?
3.	Licences to copy 
4.	Copying from books and journals
5.	Course pack or study pack copying 
6.	The copying of newspaper articles 
7.	Electronic storage of printed materials 
8.	Off-Air audio and video recordings 
9.	Off-Air digital recordings 
10.	Open University Broadcasts 
11.	Published audio cassettes 
12.	Published video cassettes 
13.	CD-ROMs 
14.	CALL materials and programs 
15.	The Internet 
16.	Ownership of copyright in materials created "in-house" 
17.	Resources for Learners with Special Needs

Appendix 1 - Frequently Asked Questions 
Appendix 2 - Useful contact addresses 
Appendix 3 - Reference and Checklist 
Appendix 4 - Copyright agencies abroad 
Appendix 5 - Contact names within publishing houses 
  
Disclaimer:   
The information and comments contained in this document are not intended to constitute legal advice and should not be construed as such. It is an interpretation of the current position with regards to copyright issues as CIEL and the Subject Centre LLAS understands it. Anyone with particular queries is advised to contact the relevant rights agencies or publishers.	
  
Copyright in Higher Education  
1.0   What is Copyright? 
In the United Kingdom Copyright is protected under the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act, 1988. Under the act the creators of the following are automatically entitled to copyright: 
- Original literary works 
- Computer programs & databases 
- Dramatic works 
- Musical works (the lyrics count as literary works) 
- Artistic works 
- Sound recordings 
- Films (including video programmes) 
- Broadcasts and cable programmes 
- Typographical arrangement of published editions 
  
In some cases, the owner is not the creator him or herself, but his/her employer. 
  
Copyright arises automatically once the original work is recorded or “fixed” in any way. The copyright owner (this can be the publisher rather than the author or creator, if the author or creator has assigned copyright) has the exclusive right to prevent any third party from doing any of the following without permission: 
- Copy the work 
- Issue copies of the work to the public 
- Perform, show or play the work to the public 
- Broadcast or include the work in a cable programme 
- Make an adaptation of the work 
  
Under European Law (since January 1996) an original piece of work is generally protected by copyright for 70 years after the death of its creator. Computer-generated works are protected for 50 years from the moment of creation, published editions for 25 years from first publication.  A case of copyright infringement applies where the material is being used and a potential breach of copyright occurs, not where the material was originally created. In other words, in the U.K. you are subject to British laws on copyright irrespective of the country of origin of the item you would like to copy. 
  
2.0 When can you copy without seeking prior permission?  
Under the term fair dealing  there are certain purposes for which you can make copies without infringing the copyright. They are the following: 
  
- Research or private study 
- News reporting 
- Criticism or review 
- Examinations. Copyright is not infringed by setting the question, communicating the questions to the candidates, or answering the questions in examinations. 
  
However, you can only fair deal if the copying does not damage the legitimate commercial interests of the copyright owner.  Thus, copying for research or private study that does damage the owner’s legitimate commercial interests is NOT fair dealing and is, in fact, infringement. 
  
3.0 Licences to copy: 
Most HEIs have agreed licences with various licensing agencies. These blanket licences allow the copying of materials at more liberal terms. 
  
The following U.K. agencies offer licensing agreements to HEIs: 
  
- The Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA) http://www.cla.co.uk 
for paper-to-paper copies of many publications 
- The Newspaper Licensing Agency (NLA) http://www.nla.co.uk/ for certain newspapers 
- The Educational Recording Agency (ERA) http://www.era.org.uk/
for terrestrial and cabled broadcasting, except Open University broadcasts 
- The Open University (OU) for OU broadcasts 
- The Design and Artists’ Copyright Society (DACS) http://www.dacs.org.uk/home.shtm cover slides of copies of artistic works from published editions 
- The Ordnance Survey (OS) http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ for the copying of maps 
  
For contact addresses see Appendix 2. 
  
4.0 Copying from books and journals: 
Check your institution has subscribed to the CLA’s Higher Education Copying Accord. This blanket licence covers virtually all U.K. and many but not all foreign books, periodicals and journals for the purpose of use within higher education in the U.K.  It does not cover Brazilian, Italian, Japanese, Kenyan, Maltese and Zimbabwean publications and at present the CLA are in negotiation with Belgium and Austria to be included under the blanket licence. 
  
“The blanket part of the licence exists to facilitate the copying of copyright materials within the Higher Education sector. This blanket licence entitles licencees to copy a wide range of copyright materials without seeking clearance. While ensuring that authors and publishers are appropriately reimbursed for the use of their intellectual property.” (CLA Higher Education Copying Accord) 
You are allowed to copy for teaching purposes: 
  
- No more than one chapter from a book, or one article from a journal/periodical, or one single case report from a Law Report, or 
- No more than 10% of a given work, whichever is the greater. 
  
A poem, short story or short literary work is regarded as a ‘work’ in itself, and may not be copied in its entirety under Section 29 of the Act, but may be copied under the Licence as long as a maximum of ten pages is not exceeded. (CLA Higher Education Copying Accord) 
    
If you are not certain that your copying will fall within the allowed definitions you are advised to contact your institution’s copyright officer, or the CLA directly (tel: 0171-436 5931; fax: 0171-436 3986; e-mail: cla@cla.co.uk). It is wise to note the name of the person who advised you and of the advice you were given. 

 4.1 Fair Dealing for research or private study
Until October 31st 2003 it was possible to classify any copying for research purposes or private study as fair dealing, that is not an infringement of copyright. This has now changed in that if there is any commercial purpose for the research/study for which copying is undertaken this will no longer be considered as ‘fair dealing’.
See: 
http://www.intellectual-property.gov.uk/std/faq/copyright/ex_fair_dealing.htm

Fair dealing in an electronic environment
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/pa/fair/intro.html

5.0 Course pack or study pack copying:  
The blanket licence does now cover the compilation of course packs or study packs. This is a fairly recent change in the CLA licence agreement but still does not allow for any electronic copying, storage or redistribution.
  
6.0 The copying of newspaper articles: 
The Newspaper Licensing Agency http://www.nla.co.uk/ at present represents British news publications and some foreign titles (see website for details). If your institution is a licencee you can make multiple copies of articles from these publications for use in class and inclusion in self-access materials. Every copy or collation of copies made must be clearly labelled “With permission, copied from (title of the relevant Newspaper), dated ……….” (NLA Licence to allow photocopying and faxing by a higher or further education establishment of articles in newspapers).

 The licence does include the right to receive and distribute electronic copy from newspapers for internal use or to make digital copies from printed news sources (by scanning). 
  
The NLA Licence covers UK national, UK regional and some foreign newspapers. For a full list of titles that are covered by the licence see the NLA website (www.nla.co.uk). Some foreign titles can only be copied digitally on request. For permission to make multiple photocopies (in excess of 250) you are recommended to contact the National Licensing Agency or the individual publishers. 
  
7.0 Electronic storage of printed materials: 
This is now allowed under the terms of the CLA license:
“The new scheme permits licensees to digitise (scan and store on a computer) extracts from certain books, journals and periodicals; and then to use them by making them available to students and staff over a network.” 
(CLA 2004 www.cla.co.uk)
BUT digitisation does need to be cleared with the copyright holders through the CLARCS (Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Scheme) and there may, or may not, be a fee for this.
See the CLA website (click on I Have A Licence, choose Higher Education , then the Digitisation section) for more information on this. The rules are quite strict so it is worth checking what is covered and how digitised material can be delivered to students.

HERON (http://www.heron.ingenta.com/) is a commercial service that provides licences for material digitised for the Ingenta collection of electronic academic and professional publications (www.ingenta.com). It will also assist with the digitisation and licensing of materials that are not held in the Ingenta collection. 
  
8.0 Off-Air audio and video recordings: 
Check your institution has an ERA licence (Educational Recording Agency). 
Under the ERA licence you are allowed to record for educational purposes, either at home or within the institution, terrestrial broadcast radio and television programmes and cabled programmes. There is no restriction on the number of copies made and on how long they may be kept. It is wise to note the date of recording on the label to avoid a copy being mistaken for an illegal copy of a commercially available tape. 
8.1 Off-Air digital recordings:
The existing legislation (1988) refers to off-air recordings and makes no distinction between analogue and digital forms. Therefore, recordings can be made and stored in digital form providing they are only for the educational purposes of licensed educational establishments. We are free to digitize and use materials under the same terms and conditions as analogue recordings. This includes digitizing materials that were originally analogue recordings. Problems arise with onward use of digitized materials, as once something is digitized, we are technically able to produce multiple copies which becomes a matter of distribution and broadcast rights. There is also a problem with online delivery of off-air recorded material as it is not permissible to adapt or alter recordings. There are also cross-medium issues, e.g. a student downloading a web-page in order to print it on paper is technically infringing the rights of the creator. The ERA have no problem with educational establishments digitizing and delivering course materials over an intranet system providing sources are acknowledged and materials are not distorted. 
An EC directive on digital copyright has now been published and can be found at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2003/20032498.htm. A paper on this can also be accessed at http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/publications/copyrightcoppenheim.htm
  
9.0 Open University Broadcasts 
Open University Broadcasts are not covered by the ERA licence. A separate licence from the Open University must be obtained for these programmes. 
  
10.0 Published audio cassettes: 
Unauthorised copying is not allowed. Permission must be sought from the individual publishers. 
Where cassettes are to be made available to students for self-access study on the university’s premises publishers usually allow one back-up copy to be made. Where the self-access listening facilities require one-sided recordings it is usually (see also Appendix 5) stipulated that the original tape may be copied onto several cassettes so long as only one copy exists of each part of the original tape. The master copy must be held on site. 
  
11.0 Published video cassettes: 
Unauthorised copying is not allowed. 
Publishers are not known to have granted permission to copy but some offer second videos at a reduced purchasing price or offer to replace damaged tapes free of charge or at a reduced price. 
  
12.0 CD-ROMs 
Unauthorised copying is not allowed. If the CD-ROM is to be networked for simultaneous access by a number of users this is seen as copying and the appropriate permission has to be sought from the publisher. Many publishers sell multiple user licences, e.g. for the simultaneous use on up to 5 machines. However, to enable the monitoring of multiple access the appropriate monitoring software will also have to be purchased 
  
13.0 CALL materials and programs: 
The networking of bought programs without the express permission from the copyright holder is not allowed, neither is the copying of a program onto several machines. Nearly all commercial publishers of such materials offer staggered site licences for the duplication and networking of their programs while others may print a permission to duplicate, network or copy in the accompanying literature. 
  
The conditions of copyright permissions vary and need therefore to be checked for every product used. 
  
In order to run CALL activities that were written in-house the institution must have the appropriate licence to run the program environment, e.g. the authoring package on the number of machines intended to provide access to the activity. 
  
14.0 The Internet: 
An increasing number of web sites carry a copyright notice setting out what use the web site owners intend for their site. 

Unless such a copyright notice specifies otherwise, even the printing out of a single web page is a potential infringement of copyright. However, the inclusion of a hyperlink to another site in the text of your own site is probably acceptable. (Remember under "Fair Dealing" you are allowed to make one copy for your own research or self-study.) 

You MUST NOT include someone else’s web pages into your own so that it looks as if it is part of your site, for example by the use of "frames". 
“The first thing to recognise is that electronic mail messages, material loaded onto ftp sites or WWW servers, and anything else put up on the Internet is copyright. Just because it is widely available free of charge does not change the situation. There is not necessarily an implied licence to copy. Therefore you should be careful about copying such material, for example forwarding it to someone else. However, such copying is only a real problem if the person who owns the copyright loses income as a result of your infringement, or if you gain income as a result of the infringement. Individual Internet URLs, e-mail addresses and so on, however, are facts, and can be copied. Compilations of URLs or e-mail addresses are protected by copyright, just as are Internet indexes….” 

A note on deep linking – this involves linking to web pages other than the home page and is frequently used in education to direct people to the relevant part of a website. While it is not necessarily a copyright infringement to do this in the commercial world this has resulted in successful legal action e.g. by newspapers. The reason for this is that in bypassing the home page visitors are also bypassing essential advertising that is presented on the home page thus losing potential revenue and displeasing sponsors.
A solution to this is to give the home page link and instructions as to where the actual item is to be found. More on this can be found at: http://www.templetons.com/brad/linkright.html
  
15.0 Ownership of copyright in materials created “in-house” 
“Academic staff typically produce three types of copyright material. The first is lecture notes and other materials for students. The second is published research work, such as monographs, research articles, etc. 
The third is multimedia teaching materials and software, both for teaching and for potential commercial exploitation. With TQA, increasing emphasis is being placed on the teaching materials created by academic staff, so it is arguable that academics are expected to create such materials, and so copyright in teaching materials belongs to the HEI. 
  
The writing of a text book is not an essential component of the contract of employment of academics. Therefore, copyright in these clearly initially belongs to the academic. 
  
The pressures of the RAE have led to a situation where it is arguable that academics are required to create research publications, whether learned journal articles or monographs, and that failure to produce such articles will adversely influence their chances of promotion or tenure within the HEI. Thus, there is an arguable case that research publications are produced by an academic as part of his or her employee duties, and that a strong case can be made that the HEI owns the copyright in such publications automatically.” (ibid.) 
  
It is a wise precaution to ascertain your rights before sending articles or other materials for publishing.   Most publishers expect you to assign copyright to them.  You ought to also be aware that you in effect relinquish control over any materials you put onto the Internet as it is very difficult to protect the authors’ rights in this medium.  Whilst copying of such materials is indeed infringement, you would be hard pushed to identify such infringement, let alone sue in foreign courts. 

16. Rights to be taken into consideration when authoring in-house materials 

Unless every single aspect of the materials you produce in-house has been designed and created by the authors themselves other people may have a stake in the product. This is especially likely in the case of authentic stimuli. 

For print-based stimuli the CLS licence agreement is likely to cover your requirements. Depending on the organization of your materials you may need to treat them as study packs. (See 5.) 

Audiovisual stimuli, however, are subject to a host of rights. Among many others the script, musical scores, the performance by actors and musicians and artistic arrangements are all subject to copyright and permission to copy must be sought before including the item in any materials you are authoring. The first point of inquiry should be the publisher of the item in question if it is a commercial product such as a video, or the broadcasting company in the case of a broadcast item. With regards to the latter the ERA licence allows you to record the whole broadcast, not to edit it. When you want to edit an off-air recording with a view to use the edited version as part of in-house materials, permission to do so must be sought. 

17. Copyright Implications in the Provision of Independent Learning Resources for Learners with Special Needs 

The Copyright, Designs & Patents Act, 1888 (see paragraph 1.0) applies also to the provision of specially adapted materials to learners with special needs. It is especially not permitted to transfer material from one medium to another without the copyright owner’s prior permission. However, under the term of fair dealing (see paragraph 2.0) the learner him/herself can make a copy for his/her personal use. The act does not specify restrictions on how this copy is taken; there is only an explicit restriction on the storage of materials in a different medium. 

17.1 Resources for Visually Impaired Persons 

Since 2003 the CLA has offered anextended copyright licence to educational establishments that allows them to make copies:

“… in any format that renders them accessible to a person having a visual impairment – this includes, but is not limited to:
•	 Braille;
•	 Digital Braille masters for embossing by the recipient;
•	 Moon,
•	 Audio (on tape, cd, or in a digital format such as Daisy)
•	 large print 
•	digital copies.”

(New copyright law: visually impaired persons http://www.cla.co.uk/licensing/vip.html )

This is, however, on condition that there is no suitable commercial edition available.

The Royal National Institution for the Blind (RNIB) offers a transcription or reader service for named individuals. To take advantage of this service the institution or individual has to purchase the printed item and then mail it to the RNIB library service. Books, magazines or individual articles can be transcribed into Braille or Moon or can be audio-recorded onto a tape. The RNIB will seek permission to copy but while the transcription and recording services are free they have to pass on the costs imposed on them by the publishers. Individual publishers respond very differently to copyright related requests in the connection with special needs. Some are known to have sent the whole text in electronic form for easy accessibility in a medium of the learners choice free of charge, others have asked for payments in excess of £100 for a single text book. 

RNIB address: 224 Great Portland Street, London W1N 6AA; tel: 0171-3881266. On the web at: http://www.rnib.org.uk/ 

Appendix 1: 
  
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Copyright 
Question 1 
We often record satellite TV programmes from around the world. Are they covered for educational use by our institution’s Educational Recording Agency (ERA) licence? 
Answer 
No, the ERA licence only covers UK terrestrial and cable broadcasts (see paragraph 8). There is no UK licence agreement which covers satellite broadcasts received in the UK but originating outside the UK, so it is section 35 of the 1988 Act which permits you to record non-licensed materials for educational use.  This is a special provision of the Act for educational establishments. 
Question 2 
Our students are always asking for copies of the course audio tape so that they can listen to them at home. Are we allowed to make multiple copies for them? 
Answer 
Under the terms of your ERA licence you can make multiple copies of off-air recordings available to students. If your recordings are published course tapes, you are not allowed to copy them, your students will have to buy their own. However, it looks as if some publishers, such as the BBC, are beginning to make educational licences available for a fixed fee or others free of charge (e.g. Palgrave http://www.palgrave.com/breakthrough/index.asp)  
Question 3 
We have a number of published video and audio cassettes in our Language Centre. As the tapes are used quite heavily, is it all right to make single back-up copies available for student use and keep the originals locked safely away? 
Answer 
The simple answer is no, you are not allowed to make copies of published materials. In practice, many publishers will allow back-up copies of audio tapes to be made if an application is made in writing (see paragraph 10). As the publisher will usually allow you to make single-sided copies which can be used on audio-active equipment, this is a very useful facility. You are extremely unlikely to obtain permission to copy a published video recording (see paragraph 11). 
Question 4 
We have bought a CALL authoring program and plan to create exercises based on authentic texts that students are studying in the classroom. We presume there is no copyright infringement here as the students will use the materials for self-access work and we don’t plan to make any commercial gain out of the materials we create. Is it alright to incorporate original texts in a computer package in this way? 
Answer  
Under the new CLA licence agreement the electronic storage of texts that are covered by the agreement will be permissible (see paragraph 7.). However, it is not permissible to alter texts that are stored in such a way, i.e. text restoration exercises would have to respect the original layout and typeface and must retain the original wording. Where it is intended that the student can manipulate the text or where multiple correct answers will be allowed thus making the end product different from the original it is not automatically allowed to use published text. Special permission would have to be sought. The safest and least time consuming option is still to author such texts yourself in-house 
Question 5 
There is such a wealth of material available for language learners on the Internet. We would like to print out some interesting web pages for classroom teaching and to build up our self-access materials. What is the copyright situation here? 
Answer 
This is a very difficult area (see paragraph 14). It is not clear at the moment what materials originating from the web may or not be used for teaching or self-access purposes. Many web sites do state that without prior agreement their pages can only be used for ‘personal, non-commercial home use’ but this use may well be understood to extend to the concept of research or private study. If this is the case, it might be wiser to encourage your students to download whatever they need as they need it rather than to build up a collection of web pages for the self-access centre or the classroom. Do remember too that if you do download materials you should not alter them in any way and if you wish to copy them for wider educational use we do advise you to always seek the copyright owners permission and to not copy without that permission. 
Question 6 
We are building up collections of topic-based materials (authentic texts, off-air recordings, books) in our self-access centre which will support classroom teaching. Although we use articles from books and periodicals we often photocopy the article or extract rather than make the original available. Do these collections constitute course packs in the terms of the CLA licence (see paragraph 4) and if so do we need to clear them through the CLA rapid clearing scheme (CLARCS) and will we need to pay additional copyright fees? 
Answer  
You are right to raise the question, the CLA licence does not cover course or study packs (see paragraph 5 and the Times Higher Educational Supplement of the 17 April 1998 for an interpretation). You will need to decide whether your materials are in fact planned to support particular courses or modules and therefore liable to additional copyright clearance and fees. A liberal interpretation of your provision would be that the materials are provided on a genuinely ‘ad-hoc basis’ for a range of students and are therefore covered by the blanket CLA licence. Your off-air recordings are, of course covered by the ERA licence but don’t forget that any newspaper articles you use can only be copied if your institution holds an NLA licence (see paragraph 7) or, for foreign language newspapers, has sought permission through the relevant national agency. 

Question 7 
Is it in breach of copyright to make subtitles available to students on paper to accompany films? E.g. a film is recorded under the ERA licence, once with subtitles once without. Only the copy without subtitles is made available to students for self-study but a paper copy of the subtitles is available to students. 
Answer  
Yes, strictly speaking this would breach copyright. However, most broadcasting companies are unlikely to object to such a use for academic purposes. The ERA will be happy to advise on individual cases. 

Question 8 
Is the appending of a translation of subtitles to audiovisual material a breach of copyright? 
Answer  
Technically translation counts as an adaptation of the original work and should be cleared. If the translation is being done in-house this in turn creates a new copyright protected item. In practice the provision of a translation in hardcopy for educational purposes, to be used on campus only, should not cause problems. The ERA will be happy to advise on individual cases. 

Question 9 
It is now possible to store off-air recordings with the help of digital compression software. Can a university language centre make the off-air recordings available to students via the institution’s intranet using this technology? 
Answer  
In the case where the original off-air recording was made onto conventional videotape under the ERA licence the answer is no. It would involve the transfer of the recording from one medium to another which is a breach of the licence. However, under the ERA licence an institution can make and hold multiple copies of a broadcast. If the original recording of the broadcast is done in digital format, e.g. directly off the internet, this form of storage would be legal. For domestic broadcasts that are covered by the ERA licence you are advised to confirm this for your particular institution with the ERA. For broadcasts that are not covered by the ERA licence, such as foreign broadcasts that you can record for educational purposes the 1988 Copyright Act does not restrict the means of copying, i.e. analogue or digital technology. These recordings could therefore be made available in digital form via an institution’s secure intranet. 

Question 10 
Many university language centres allow members of the local community access to their resources as part of various form of outreach programmes. Is kind of open-access to the self-access resources in the language centre such as off-air recordings and CALL programmes covered by the current educational licence agreements? 
Answer  
In the case of off-air recordings and study packs that are licenced under the ERA and CLA the answer is no. Both agreements clearly state that off-air recordings and copies made under their licence agreement must only be made available to students registered at the university, i.e. those who are counted in the student numbers that their fee calculations are based on. Unless "external" self-access users are somehow registered as active students, e.g. on a module to be completed by self-study, they do not count as legitimate students in the eyes of the agencies. 

The same applies for software licences that allow campus or university wide use of the software. Limited number user licences, however, do not stipulate student use, i.e. if your centre has a licence to run the software on 5 machines, the status of the persons in front of those 5 machines is irrelevant. 

Appendix 2: 
Useful Contact Addresses 

The Copyright Licensing Agency   
90 Tottenham Court Road   
London W1P 9HE 	Tel: 0171-436 5931  
Fax: 0171-436 3986  
Web: http://www.cla.co.uk/ 	
The Newspaper Licensing Agency   
Lonsdale Gate   
Lonsdale Gardens   
Tunbridge Wells  
TN1 1NU 	Tel: 01892-525 273  
Fax: 01892-525 275  
E-mail: copy@nla.co.uk    
Web: http://www.nla.co.uk/	
The Educational Recording Agency   
New Premier House   
150 Southampton Row   
London  
WC1B 5AL	Tel: 0171-837 3222  
Fax: 0171-837 3750  
Web: http://www.era.org.uk/ 	
Open University Worldwide Ltd   
The Berrill Building   
Walton Hall  
Milton Keynes  
Buckinghamshire  
MK7 6AA 	Tel: 01908-858 785  
Web: http://www.open.ac.uk/ 	
Ordnance Survey   
Copyright Licensing   
Romsey Road   
Southampton  
SO16 4GU 	Tel: 023 80-792 703  
Fax: 023 80-792 535  
Web: http://www.o-s.co.uk/ 	
The Design and Artists’ Copyright Society   
 Parchment House   
 Northburgh Street  
 London  
 EC1V 0AH 	Tel: 0171-336 8811  
Fax: 0171-336 8822 	

  
Appendix 3: 
  
Reference and Checklist 
  
Before telephoning CLARCS, you should have the following information at hand: 
  
- Your account code 
- Your Department or Division Code 
- Your address 
- Your password 
- Your name 
- A reference of your choice 
- The ISBN or ISSN of the publication to be copied 
- The title of the publication to be copied 
- In the case of a journal or periodical, the issue and volume number or the date of the issue, or if the journal has a system of article identifier(s), the identifier of the article to be copied. 
- The use to which the copies will be put (e.g. internal study pack, distance learning material….) 
- The length of the extract to be copied (in the case of most scholarly journals, the number of papers or articles and the number of pages in every one; otherwise –e.g. books or magazines the number of pages) 
- The number of copies to be made. 

  
   
Appendix 4: 
Copyright Agencies Abroad 
Some Useful Addresses 

Country	Organisation	Contact Numbers	
Austria	Literar-Mechana  
Linke Wienzeile 18  
A-1060 Wien	Tel: +43 1 587 21 61  
Fax: +43 1 587 21 61	
Belgium	REPROBEL scrl  
Rue du Prince Royal 87  
B-1050 Brussels	Tel: +32 2 551 03 24  
Fax: +32 2 551 03 65 	
Denmark	Copy-Dan  
Osterfaelled Torv 10  
DK-2100 Kobenhavn O 	Tel: +45 35 26 09 00  
Fax: +45 35 26 28 99	
Finland	KOPIOSTOR.Y.   
Hietaniemenkatu 2   
FIN-00100 Helsinki	Tel: +358 9 43 15 21  
Fax: +358 9 4315 2377	
France	Centre Francais d’exploitation  
du droit de Copie (C.F.C.)   
20, rue des Grands-Augustins  
F-75006 Paris	Tel: +33 1 44 07 47 70    
Fax: +33 1 46 34 67 19	
Germany	VW Wort &V.G. Wissenschaft  
Goethestrasse 49  
D-80336 Muenchen	Tel: +49 89 51 41 20  
Fax: +49 89 51 41 258	
Italy	Associazione Italiana per I Diritti   
Di Riproduzione delle Opere dell’   
Ingegno (AIDRO)  
Via delle Erbe, 2  
I-202121 Milano	Tel: +39 2 809 506  
Fax: +39 2 809 506	
Netherlands	Stichting Reprorecht (SR)  
Prof. E.M. Meijerslaan 3  
NL-1183 AV Amstelveen	Tel: +31 20 347 03 10  
Fax: +31 20 347 04 53	
Norway	KOPINOR  
Stenersgate 1 A  
N-0050 Oslo	 Tel: +47 22 17 94 17  
Fax: +47 22 17 94 22	
Spain	Centro Espanol de Derechos  
Reprograficos (CEDRO)  
C/Monte Esquinza, 14-3 dcha  
E-28010 Madrid 	Tel: +34 1 308 6330  
Fax: +34 1 308 6327	
Sweden	Pictures, Words, Printed Music  
Joint Copyright Organization  
(BONUS)  
Box 27095  
S-102 51 Stockholm	Tel:   +46 8 667 88 85  
Fax: +46 8 665 33 23	
Switzerland	Pro Litteris   
Universitaetsstrasse 96  
CH-8033 Zuerich	Tel: +41 1 368 1515  
Fax: +41 1 368 1568	
USA	Copyright Clearance Centre, Inc.  
222 Rosewood Drive  
Danvers, MA 01923	Tel: +1 978 750 8400  
Fax: +1 978 750 4470	
Useful further reading: 
J.Phillips, C. Oppenheim and R.A. Wall, The Aslib Guide to Copyright and C.Oppenheim, The legal and regulatory environment for electronic information, Infonortics, 1998, ISBN 1 873699-53-0} 
CLA Higher Education Copying Accord. 
Times Higher Education Supplement 17 April, 1988 

Appendix 5: 
Contact names within publishing houses 
At present there is no HE copying accord covering audio / video cassettes. 
If you want to contact educational publishers directly to seek permission to make back up or multiple copies of audio tapes, you should approach the copyright manager. A list of contact names is given below. You are very unlikely to obtain permission to copy any video tape. 
The following have been named as copyright managers for their publishing house. 
  
Nelson	Senior Permissions Administrator, ITPS Ltd, Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hants SP10 5BE 	
Palgrave/Macmillan	Permissions, Brunel Road, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants RG21 6XS	
Prentice Hall	Permissions Manager (ELT)/ Sara Jillings, Permissions Manager (Academic), Prentice Hall Europe, Campus 400, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 7EZ 	
LTP	(Language Teaching Publications) UK Manager, 114A Church Rd, Hove BN3 2EB 	
Heinemann	Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford, OX2 8EJ 	
Penguin	Permissions Assistant, Penguin Books, 27 Wrights Lane, London, W8 5TZ	
Oxford (OUP)	Rights Manager, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. 	
Longman	Copyright Manager, Addison Wesley Longman, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE 	
Cambridge (CUP)	Permissions Controller, Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftsbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 2RU.	
Stanley Thornes	List Development Manager for Modern Languages, Ellenborough House, Wellington St, Cheltenham, GL50 1YW