Ecological niche modelling is a method to predict presence of a given biological species by environmental parameters. It is also applicable to humans as eco-cultural niche modelling (ECNM) under the condition that the human behaviour significantly depends on the natural environment ^[1]. There are two methods of ECNM––Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) ^[2] and Maximum Entropy Model (Maxent) ^[3]. Both models require geocoordinates of archaeological sites and environmental variables such as terrain elevation, slope, mean temperature, and annual precipitation. GARP outputs prediction in binary [0,1], while Maxent outputs in continuous probability [0...1]. This paper applies these predictive models to two case studies: 1) the replacement of Neanderthals by anatomically modern humans in the Levant, and 2) the subsistence economy of Jomon hunter-gatherer-fishers in East Japan. Then validity of the models is discussed and a hybrid model based on the two models is proposed for better predicting and visualising site presence.

^[1] Banks, W. E. et al. 2008. Human ecological niches and ranges during the LGM in Europe derived from an application of eco-cultural niche modeling. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:481-491.

^[2] Stockwell, D. R. B. 1999. Genetic Algorithms II: spatial distribution modelling. In: Machine Learning Methods for Ecological Applications, edited by A. H. Fielding, Kluwer, pp. 123-144.