The adaptive problem of absent third-party punishment

Alexander, R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Altman, J., & Peterson, N. (1988). Rights to game and rights to cash among contemporary Australian hunter-gatherers. In T. Ingold, D. Riches & J. Woodburn (Eds.), Hunters and gatherers. Vol. 2. Property, power and ideology (pp. 75–94). Oxford: Berg.

Astington, J. W. (2006). The developmental interdependence of theory of mind and language. In N. J. Enfield, & S. C. Levinson (Eds.), Roots of human sociality (pp. 179-206). Oxford: Berg.

Astington, J. W., & Baird, J. A. (Eds.). (2005). Why language matters for theory of mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Baldwin, D., & Moses, L. (1994). Early understanding of referential intent and attentional focus: Evidence from language and emotion. In C. Lewis & P. Mitchell (Eds.), Children’s early understanding of mind: Origins and development (pp. 133–156).

Barclay, P., & Willer, R. (2007). Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 749-753.

Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3), 412-414.

Bering, J. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2004). The causal role of consciousness: A conceptual addendum to human evolutionary psychology. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 227-248.

Bjorklund, D. F., Cormier, C. A., & Rosenberg, J. S. (2005). The evolution of theory of mind: Big brains, social complexity, and inhibition. In W. Schneider, R. Schumann-Hengsteler & B. Sodian (Eds.), Young children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind (pp. 147-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Boehm, C. (2000). Conflict and the evolution of social control. In L. D. Katz (Ed.), Evolutionary origins of morality: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 79-148). Thorverton: Imprint Academic.

Bohnet, I., & Frey, B. S. (1999). The sound of silence in prisoner’s dilemma and dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 38, 43-57.

Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S., & Richerson, P. J. (2003). The evolution of altruistic punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 100, 3531-3535.

Burnham, T. C. (2003). Engineering altruism: A theoretical and experimental investigation of anonymity and gift-giving. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 50, 133-144.

Camerer, C. F. (2003). Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72(4), 1032-1053.

Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Hix, H. R. (1998). The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief. Child development, 69(3), 672-691.

Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163-228). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crystal, D. (1997). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dawkins, R., & Krebs, J. R. (1978). Animal signals: Information or manipulation? In J. R. Krebs, & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach (pp. 282-309). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Deacon, T. (1997). The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the human brain. London: Penguin.

den Bak, Irene M., & Ross, H. S. (1996). I'm telling! The content, context, and consequences of children's tattling on their siblings. Social Development, 5(3), 292-309.

Douglas-Hamilton, I., Bhalla, S., Wittemyer, G., & Vollrath, F. (2006). Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100(1-2), 87-102.

Dunbar, Robin I. M. (1993). Co-evolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(4), 681-735.

Dunbar, Robin I. M. (1999). Culture, honesty and the freerider problem. In Dunbar, Robin I. M., C. Knight & C. Power (Eds.), The evolution of culture: An interdisciplinary view (pp. 194-213). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2003). The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 163-181.

Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2004a). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 100-110.

Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2004b) [1996]. Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language (2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber.

Dyer, F. C. (2002). The biology of the dance language. Annual Review of Entomology, 47(1), 917-949.

Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish, & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 301-320). Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

Engel, S., & Li, A. (2004). Narratives, gossip, and shared experience: How and what young children know about the lives of others. In J. M. Lucariello, J. A. Hudson, R. Fivush & P. J. Bauer (Eds.), The development of the mediated mind (pp. 151-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Enquist, M., & Leimar, O. (1993). The evolution of cooperation in mobile organisms. Animal Behaviour, 45, 747-757.

Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25(2), 63-87.

Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415, 137-140.

Fine, G. A. (1977). Social components of children's gossip. Journal of Communication, 27, 181-185.

Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 21-45.

Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: Taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 78-99.

Fowler, J. H. (2005). Altruistic punishment and the origin of cooperation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(19), 7047-7049.

Friman, P. C., Woods, D. W., Freeman, K. A., Gilman, R., Short, M., McGrath, A. M., et al. (2004). Relationships between tattling, likeability, and social classification: A preliminary investigation of adolescents in residential care. Behavior Modification, 28(3), 331-348.

Gallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003). Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 77-83.

Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245-256.

Hare, B., Call, J., Agnetta, B., & Tomasello, M. (2000). Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour, 59(4), 771-785.

Harris, P. L., & Núnez, M. (1996). Understanding of permission rules by preschool children. Child development, 67(4), 1572-1591.

Hauser, M. D. (1997). The evolution of communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Heyes, C. M. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(1), 101-114.

Hockett, C. F. (1960). The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203, 88-96.

Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. (1996). Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. American Economic Review, 86, 653-660.

Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ingram, G. P. D. (2007). Tattling among pre-school children: The development of strategic social cognition. Paper delivered at the 37th annual meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, Amsterdam, June 2007.

Ingram, Gordon P. D., & Bering, J. M. (forthcoming). Children's tattling: A developmrental precursor of gossip? Manuscript in preparation.

Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1986). Fairness and the assumptions of economics. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 285-300.

Kita, S. (Ed.). (2003). Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kuczaj, S., Tranel, K., Trone, M., & Hill, H. (2001). Are animals capable of deception or empathy? implications for animal consciousness and animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 10(1), 161-173.

Liddle, B., & Nettle, D. (2006). Higher-order theory of mind and social competence in school-age children. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 4(3), 231-244.

Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression (M. Latzke trans.). London: Methuen.

Nichols, S. (2004). Sentimental rules: On the natural foundations of moral judgment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (1998). Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature, 393, 573-577.

Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature, 437, 1291-1298.

Núñez, M., & Harris, P. L. (1998). Psychological and deontic concepts: Separate domains or intimate connection? Mind and Language, 13(2), 153-170.

O'Neill, D. K. (1996). Two-year-old children's sensitivity to a parent's knowledge state when making requests. Child Development, 67, 659-677.

Perner, J. (1988). Higher-order beliefs and intentions in children’s understanding of social interaction. In J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris & D. R. Olson (Eds.), Developing theories of mind (pp. 271-294). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Perner, J., & Lang, B. (1999). Development of theory of mind and executive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(9), 337-344.

Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). "John thinks that Mary thinks that...": Attribution of second-order beliefs by five- to ten-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 437-471.

Piazza, J. R., & Bering, J. M. (forthcoming). Reputational concerns via gossip promote generous allocations in an economic game. Manuscript under review.

Povinelli, D. J., & Bering, J. M. (2002). The mentality of apes revisited. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(4), 115-119.

Povinelli, D. J., & Eddy, T. J. (1996). What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 61(3).

Povinelli, D. J., & Preuss, T. M. (1995). Theory of mind: Evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends in Neurosciences, 18(9), 418-424.

Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515-526.

Preston, S. D., & de Waal, Frans B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 1-72.

Reddy, V. (2007). Getting back to the rough ground: Deception and 'social living'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 362(1480), 621-637.

Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R., & Henrich, J. (2003). The cultural evolution of human cooperation. In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), The genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (pp. 357-388). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Ross, H. S., & den Bak-Lammers, Irene M. (1998). Consistency and change in children's tattling on their siblings: Children's perspectives on the moral rules and procedures of family life. Social Development, 7(3), 275-300.

Schoenemann, P. T. (2006). Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 379-406.

Semmann, D., Krambeck, H., & Milinski, M. (2004). Strategic investment in reputation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56, 248-252.

Skinner, C. H., Cashwell, T. H., & Skinner, A. L. (2000). Increasing tootling: The effects of a peer-monitored group contingency program on students' reports of peers' prosocial behaviors. Psychology in the Schools, 37(3), 263-270.

Smith, E. A., & Bliege Bird, R. (2005). Costly signaling and cooperative behaviour. In H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd & E. Fehr (Eds.), Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (pp. 115-148). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Hare, B. (2003). Chimpanzees understand psychological states – the question is which ones and to what extent. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(4), 153-156.

Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35-57.

Tyler, J. M., Feldman, R. S., & Reichert, A. (2006). The price of deceptive behavior: Disliking and lying to people who lie to us. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(1), 69-77.

Wedekind, K., & Braithwaite, V. A. (2002). The long-term benefits of human generosity in indirect reciprocity. Current Biology, 12, 1012-1015.

Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child's theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655-684.

Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103-128.