Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malaysian Indians

Ngeow, Dr. W.C. and Aljunid, S.T. (2009) Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malaysian Indians. [Journal (Paginated)]

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Abstract

Objective: This study was done to establish the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the young adult (18-25 years) Malaysian Indian. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of convenient samples of 100 healthy volunteers, with equal number of female and male subjects who had no history of mixed racial-parentage. Twenty-two linear measurements were taken twice from 28 landmarks over six craniofacial regions. The methodology and evaluation of indices of the craniofacial region was adapted from Hajnis et al. Results: The minimum measurements are always contributed by the female Indian except for the nose height (n-sn), (left) eye fissure length (ex-en), upper vermillion height (ls-sto), and lower vermillion height (sto-li). There is a gender difference in all the measurements except the (left) eye fissure height (independent t-test; P {\ensuremath{<}} 0.05). The Malaysian Indians exhibit some North American White Caucasian (NAWC) features in all regions. The cephalic index indicates a brachycephalic or relatively short wide head with a tendency towards mesocephaly. From the low nasal index, the Malaysian Indian female have a nose that is narrow or leptorrhin similar to the NAWCs. The lower value of the upper lip height to mouth width index in the Indian female indicates a relatively shorter upper lip height compared to the mouth width, also similar to the NAWC. Conclusion: This study establishes the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the Malaysian Indian over 22 parameters. Male in general has a significantly higher measurement than female. The Malaysian Indians do exhibit some NAWC features.

Item Type:	Journal (Paginated)
Additional Information:	Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 7 March 2012 Source: Scopus PubMed ID: 19884715 Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Ngeow, W. C.; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur - 50603, Malaysia; email: ngeowy@um.edu.my References: Kolar, J.C., Salter, E.M., Craniofacial anthropometry: Practical measurement of the head and face for clinical surgical and research use (1997) Illinois: Charles C Thomas; Argyropoulos, E., Sassouni, V., Comparison of the dentofacial patterns for native Greek and American-Caucasian adolescents (1989) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 95, pp. 238-249; Farkas, L.G., (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, , 2nd ed. New York; Raven Press; Sindhu, K.S., The Coming of the Indians to Malaysia, , Indian communities in South East Asia. Sindhu KS, Mani A, editor. Chapter; Singapore: ISEAS Publishing; 1993 p. 151-18Agnihotri, G., Singh, D., Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants (2007) Iran J Pediatr, 17, pp. 332-338; Shah, M., Verma, I.C., Mahadevan, S., Puri, R.K., Facial anthropometry in newborns in Pondicherry (1991) Indian J Paediatr, 25, pp. 259-263; Farkas, L.G., Katic, M.J., Forrest, C.R., Alt, K.W., Bagic, I., Baltadjiev, G., International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races (2005) J Craniofac Surg, 16, pp. 615-646; Khandekar, B., Srinivasan, S., Mokal, N., Thatte, M.R., Anthropometric analysis of lip-nose complex in Indian population (2005) Indian J Plast Surg, 38, pp. 128-131; Prasad, N.N., Reddy, D., Anthropometry: Lip-nose complex (2001) Indian J Plast Surg, 34, pp. 3-8; Purkait, R., Singh, P., Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: A study of adult Indian men (2007) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 31, pp. 372-379; Sharma, A., Sidhu, N.K., Sharma, M.K., Kapoor, K., Singh, B., Morphometric study of ear lobule in northwest Indian male subjects (2007) Anat Sci Int, 82, pp. 98-104; Gupta, V.P., Sodhi, P.K., Pandey, R.M., Normal values for inner intercanthal, interpupillary, and outer intercanthal distances in the Indian population (2003) Int J Clin Pract, 57, pp. 25-29; Kunjur, J., Sabesan, T., Ilankovan, V., Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: An inter-racial study (2006) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 44, pp. 89-93; Verma, K.C., Puri, V., Sharma, T.C., Anthropometric study of inner canthal, interpupillary and outer orbital dimensions-range of normal (1978) Indian Pediatr, 15, pp. 349-352; Hajnis, K., Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C.K., Lee, S.T., Venkatadri, G., Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, pp. 201-218. , Farkas LG, editor. New York: Raven Press; Richardson, E.R., Racial differences in dimesional traits of the human face (1980) Angle Orthod, 50, pp. 301-311; Sforza, C., Laino, A., Dalessio, R., Grandi, G., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women (2007) Prog Orthod, 8, pp. 282-293; Sforza, C., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Ferrario, V.F., Morphometry of the ear in Downs syndrome subjects. A three-dimensional computerized assessment (2005) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 34, pp. 480-486; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Colombo, A., Schmitz, J.H., Serrao, G., Morphometry of the orbital region: A soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (2001) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108 (2), pp. 285-292; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Schmitz, J.H., Ciusa, V., Colombo, A., Normal growth and development of the lips: A 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model (2000) J Anat, 196, pp. 415-423; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Serrao, G., A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults (2000) Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 37, pp. 48-54; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Ciusa, V., Serrao, G., Tartaglia, G.M., Morphometry of the normal human ear: A cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (1999) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 19, pp. 226-233; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Poggio, C.E., Schmitz, J.H., Craniofacial growth: A three-dimensional soft-tissue study from 6 years to adulthood (1998) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 18, pp. 138-149; Bozkir, M.G., Karakas, P., Oguz, O., Vertical and horizontal neoclassical canons in Turkish young adults (2004) Surg Radiol Anat, 26, pp. 212-219; Osuobeni, E.P., Al-Musa, K.A., Gender differences in interpupillary distance among Arabs (1993) Optom Vis Sci, 70, pp. 1027-1030; Jahanshahi, M., Golalipour, M.J., Heidari, K., The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran (2008) Singapore Med J, 49, pp. 940-943; Zhang, X.T., Wang, S.K., Zhang, W., Wang, X.F., Measurement and study of the nose and face and their correlations in the young adult of Han nationality (1990) Plast Reconstr Surg, 85, pp. 532-536; Le Tt Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C., Levin, L.S., Forrest, C.R., Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria (2002) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 26, pp. 64-69; Yaacob, H., Nambiar, P., Naidu, M.D., Racial characteristics of human teeth with special emphasis on the Mongoloid dentition (1996) Malaysian J Pathol, 18, pp. 1-7
Keywords:	Asia; Craniofacial Anthropometry; Ethnic; Malaysian Indians; Measurement; Adolescent; Adult; Article; Asian; Caucasian; Cephalometry; Face; Female; Histology; Human; Malaysia; Male; Maxillofacial; Development; Reference Value; Standard; Statistics; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Reference Values; Young Adult
Subjects:	JOURNALS JOURNALS > Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences
ID Code:	8187
Deposited By:	Ngeow, A.P. Dr. Wei Cheong
Deposited On:	25 Apr 2012 13:00
Last Modified:	25 Apr 2012 13:00

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Kolar, J.C., Salter, E.M., Craniofacial anthropometry: Practical measurement of the head and face for clinical surgical and research use (1997) Illinois: Charles C Thomas; Argyropoulos, E., Sassouni, V., Comparison of the dentofacial patterns for native Greek and American-Caucasian adolescents (1989) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 95, pp. 238-249; Farkas, L.G., (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, , 2nd ed. New York; Raven Press; Sindhu, K.S., The Coming of the Indians to Malaysia, , Indian communities in South East Asia. Sindhu KS, Mani A, editor. Chapter; Singapore: ISEAS Publishing; 1993 p. 151-18Agnihotri, G., Singh, D., Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants (2007) Iran J Pediatr, 17, pp. 332-338; Shah, M., Verma, I.C., Mahadevan, S., Puri, R.K., Facial anthropometry in newborns in Pondicherry (1991) Indian J Paediatr, 25, pp. 259-263; Farkas, L.G., Katic, M.J., Forrest, C.R., Alt, K.W., Bagic, I., Baltadjiev, G., International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races (2005) J Craniofac Surg, 16, pp. 615-646; Khandekar, B., Srinivasan, S., Mokal, N., Thatte, M.R., Anthropometric analysis of lip-nose complex in Indian population (2005) Indian J Plast Surg, 38, pp. 128-131; Prasad, N.N., Reddy, D., Anthropometry: Lip-nose complex (2001) Indian J Plast Surg, 34, pp. 3-8; Purkait, R., Singh, P., Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: A study of adult Indian men (2007) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 31, pp. 372-379; Sharma, A., Sidhu, N.K., Sharma, M.K., Kapoor, K., Singh, B., Morphometric study of ear lobule in northwest Indian male subjects (2007) Anat Sci Int, 82, pp. 98-104; Gupta, V.P., Sodhi, P.K., Pandey, R.M., Normal values for inner intercanthal, interpupillary, and outer intercanthal distances in the Indian population (2003) Int J Clin Pract, 57, pp. 25-29; Kunjur, J., Sabesan, T., Ilankovan, V., Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: An inter-racial study (2006) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 44, pp. 89-93; Verma, K.C., Puri, V., Sharma, T.C., Anthropometric study of inner canthal, interpupillary and outer orbital dimensions-range of normal (1978) Indian Pediatr, 15, pp. 349-352; Hajnis, K., Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C.K., Lee, S.T., Venkatadri, G., Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face, pp. 201-218. , Farkas LG, editor. New York: Raven Press; Richardson, E.R., Racial differences in dimesional traits of the human face (1980) Angle Orthod, 50, pp. 301-311; Sforza, C., Laino, A., Dalessio, R., Grandi, G., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women (2007) Prog Orthod, 8, pp. 282-293; Sforza, C., Dellavia, C., Tartaglia, G.M., Ferrario, V.F., Morphometry of the ear in Downs syndrome subjects. A three-dimensional computerized assessment (2005) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 34, pp. 480-486; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Colombo, A., Schmitz, J.H., Serrao, G., Morphometry of the orbital region: A soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (2001) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108 (2), pp. 285-292; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Schmitz, J.H., Ciusa, V., Colombo, A., Normal growth and development of the lips: A 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model (2000) J Anat, 196, pp. 415-423; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Serrao, G., A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults (2000) Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 37, pp. 48-54; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Ciusa, V., Serrao, G., Tartaglia, G.M., Morphometry of the normal human ear: A cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood (1999) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 19, pp. 226-233; Ferrario, V.F., Sforza, C., Poggio, C.E., Schmitz, J.H., Craniofacial growth: A three-dimensional soft-tissue study from 6 years to adulthood (1998) J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 18, pp. 138-149; Bozkir, M.G., Karakas, P., Oguz, O., Vertical and horizontal neoclassical canons in Turkish young adults (2004) Surg Radiol Anat, 26, pp. 212-219; Osuobeni, E.P., Al-Musa, K.A., Gender differences in interpupillary distance among Arabs (1993) Optom Vis Sci, 70, pp. 1027-1030; Jahanshahi, M., Golalipour, M.J., Heidari, K., The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran (2008) Singapore Med J, 49, pp. 940-943; Zhang, X.T., Wang, S.K., Zhang, W., Wang, X.F., Measurement and study of the nose and face and their correlations in the young adult of Han nationality (1990) Plast Reconstr Surg, 85, pp. 532-536; Le Tt Farkas, L.G., Ngim, R.C., Levin, L.S., Forrest, C.R., Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria (2002) Aesthetic Plast Surg, 26, pp. 64-69; Yaacob, H., Nambiar, P., Naidu, M.D., Racial characteristics of human teeth with special emphasis on the Mongoloid dentition (1996) Malaysian J Pathol, 18, pp. 1-7

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