Introduction.

It is seldom possible to connect a particular Miao spirit with a specific form of sickness, though there may be some loose correlation. Thus the troubles attributed to the bi-nzao may have been forms of mental or psychological disturbance, while the sickness brought about by the water ki-zo could have been sunstroke. There can be no doubt, however, that the zi-qiao-bao was responsible for epilepsy.

Presumably the shaman-healer would have had some incantation to accompany the "treatment", but why, or how, riding a goat or trundling a spinning wheel around the patient should drive away the zi-qiao-bao is not made clear.

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