This collaborative research aims to develop an interactive structurally integrated method for 3D archaeological documentation, architectural reconstruction, and engineering structural analysis of ancient monuments based on state-of-the-art augmented reality display techniques and hardware. Interdisciplinary research combining expertise in archaeology, architecture, geology, material science, structural engineering, and 3D visualization is increasingly needed to insure the preservation of monumental archaeological structures as diverse as the Great Hall of Trajan’s Markets in Rome and the Huaca de la Luna in Trujillo, Perù. The inherent complexity of these monuments increases the difficulties that normally exist when data are exchanged and correlated between disciplines. Taking advantage of the collaborations developed at the University of Rochester through the new program in Archaeology, Technology, and Historical Structures, this research builds on existing initiatives and expertise in archaeology, structural and computational mechanics and geometric solid modeling, and in state-of-the-art 3D visualization/augmented reality hardware. The scientifically predictive tool we are developing provides an integrated framework: (a) for detailed 3D reconstruction, visualization, and analysis of the original structural features of a complex monument as built in antiquity; (b) for recording events that affect the physical integrity of the monument, causing structural degradation and collapse; and (c) for planning and recording conservation interventions that alter the structural response of the monument to changing environmental conditions.